| 1. |
- Ericson, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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Folate intake, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk in women from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. - 1538-7755. ; 18:4, s. 1101-1110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the folate-metabolizing enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) may modify associations between folate intake and breast cancer. We examined if the association between tertiles of dietary folate equivalents (DFE) and breast cancer was different in subgroups according to genotypes of the MTHFR 677 C>T (rs1801133) and 1298A>C (rs1801131) SNPs and if the polymorphisms per se were associated with breast cancer. METHODS: This nested case-control study included 544 incident cases with invasive breast cancer and 1,088 controls matched on age and blood sampling date from the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Genotyping of the MTHFR SNPs was done with PCR-based matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Odds ratios (OR) were obtained by unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: DFE was positively associated with breast cancer in MTHFR 677CT/TT-1298AA women (P for trend = 0.01) but inversely associated in compound heterozygous women (P for trend = 0.01). Interaction was observed between DFE and the 1298C allele (P = 0.03). The 677T allele was associated with increased breast cancer risk in women above 55 years [multivariate adjusted OR, 1.34; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.01-1.76] and an interaction was observed between the T allele and age (P = 0.03). Homozygosis for the 1298C allele was associated with increased risk in women between 45 and 55 years (multivariate adjusted OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.09-3.29). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, a positive association between DFE and breast cancer was observed in MTHFR 677CT/TT-1298AA women but an inverse association was observed in 677CT-1298AC women. The 677T allele was associated with higher breast cancer risk in women above 55 years of age.
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| 2. |
- Ericson, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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High folate intake is associated with lower breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort
- 2007
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 86:2, s. 43-434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies of associations between folate intake and breast cancer are inconclusive, but folate and other plant food nutrients appear protective in women at elevated risk.OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the association between folate intake and the incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer.DESIGN: This prospective study included all women aged >or=50 y (n = 11699) from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. The mean follow-up time was 9.5 y. We used a modified diet-history method to collect nutrient intake data. At the end of follow-up, 392 incident invasive breast cancer cases were verified. We used proportional hazard regression to calculate hazard ratios (HRs).RESULTS: Compared with the lowest quintile, the incidence of invasive breast cancer was reduced in the highest quintile of dietary folate intake (HR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.90; P for trend = 0.02); total folate intake, including supplements (HR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.91; P for trend = 0.006); and dietary folate equivalents (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.97; P for trend = 0.01).CONCLUSION: A high folate intake was associated with a lower incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in this cohort.
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| 3. |
- Ericson, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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Increased breast cancer risk at high plasma folate concentrations among women with the MTHFR 677T allele.
- 2009
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Ingår i: The American journal of clinical nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1938-3207 .- 0002-9165. ; 90, s. 1380-1389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Folate is involved in DNA synthesis and methylation and may thereby influence carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVES: We examined plasma folate (P-folate) concentration in relation to genotypes of the folate-metabolizing enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [MTHFR 677C<--T (rs1801133) and 1298A<--C (rs1801131)]. We also explored whether P-folate was associated with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer overall and in subgroups with genetic variants of the MTHFR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). DESIGN: This nested case-control study included 313 cases (age 55-73 y at baseline) with invasive breast cancer and 626 control subjects, matched on age and blood-sample date, from the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. P-folate and MTHFR genotypes were determined for 310 cases and 611 controls. P-folate according to genotype was calculated by using analysis of variance. Odds ratios were obtained by using logistic regression. All tests were 2-sided. RESULTS: The variant 677T allele was associated with lower P-folate. In women with the 677T allele, a high P-folate concentration was associated with increased breast cancer risk (P for trend across P-folate tertiles = 0.03). Interaction was seen between the 677C<--T SNP and P-folate (P = 0.002). A positive association, which was seen between P-folate and breast cancer risk in 1298AA women (P = 0.01), was probably due to linkage between the 2 SNPs. Overall, and in women with other genotypes, no significant associations were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest an association of high P-folate concentration with increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in carriers of the 677T allele. The findings underline the importance of genetic variation of MTHFR in the complex relation between folate and cancer.
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| 6. |
- Sonestedt, Emily, et al.
(författare)
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Both food habit change in the past and obesity status may influence the association between dietary factors and postmenopausal breast cancer
- 2007
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Ingår i: Public Health Nutrition. - 1475-2727. ; 10:8, s. 769-779
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Valid dietary data are essential when trying to identify whether or not one or more dietary exposures are responsible for disease. We examined diet composition in women who reported dietary change in the past compared with non-changers, and how the associations between dietary factors and postmenopausal breast cancer are influenced by dietary change, obesity status and misreporting of energy. Design: A population-based prospective cohort Study. Data were obtained by a diet history method, anthropometrical measurements and an extensive lifestyle questionnaire including items on past food habit change. Setting: The Malmo Diet and Cancer (MDC) study, conducted in Malmo, Sweden. Subjects: A subsample of 12 781 women from the MDC cohort recruited from 1991 to 1996. A total of 428 postmenopausal women were diagnosed with incident breast cancer, during 9.2 years of follow-up. Results: Past food habit changers reported healthier food habits and lower energy intake compared with non-changers, a finding that raises issues regarding possible reporting biases. When excluding diet changers, the trend of increased breast cancer risk across omega-6 fatty acid quintiles was stronger, and a tendency of decreased risk emerged for 'fruit, berries and vegetables'. When excluding individuals with non-adequate reports of energy intake, risk estimates were similar to that of the whole sample. In women with body mass index < 27kg m(-2) significant trends of increased breast cancer risk were seen for total fat and omega-6 fatty acids, and of decreased risk for 'fruit, berries and vegetables. Conclusions: This study indicates that both obesity and self-reported past food habit change may be important confounders of diet-breast cancer relationships. The study demonstrates that sensitivity analysis, through stratification, may facilitate interpretation of risk relationships and study results.
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| 7. |
- Sonestedt, Emily, et al.
(författare)
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Do both heterocyclic amines and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids contribute to the incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women of the Malmö diet and cancer cohort?
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - : Wiley. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 123:7, s. 1637-1643
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heterocyclic amines (HAs), formed when meat and fish are cooked at high temperatures, have been linked to mammary gland cancer in rats, and some epidemiological studies indicate increased breast cancer risk by consumption of well-done meat. The epidemiological evidence linking HAs per se to breast cancer is however sparse, especially from prospective studies. Moreover, high-fat diets rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have produced higher frequencies of HA-induced mammary gland tumors in rats compared to those fed low-fat diets. The aim was to evaluate prospectively if intake of HAs is associated with breast cancer incidence, and if the association is independent of omega-6 PUFA intakes. Among women 50 years or older at baseline from the population-based prospective Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort (n = 11,699), 430 women were diagnosed with incident invasive breast cancer during a mean follow-up of 10.4 years. Information on dietary habits was collected by a modified diet history method. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of breast cancer associated with energy-adjusted intakes of HAs and omega-6 PUFA. Intakes of HAs were not associated with breast cancer incidence (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.69-1.28, for highest compared to lowest quintile). In individuals with low HA intakes, a significant increased risk was observed among those with high intakes of omega-6 PUFAs. In conclusion, intakes of HAs are not associated with breast cancer incidence in this Swedish cohort, but dietary patterns very high in omega-6 PUFA may promote breast cancer development. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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| 8. |
- Sonestedt, Emily, et al.
(författare)
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Enterolactone is differently associated with estrogen receptor beta-negative and -positive breast cancer in a Swedish nested case-control study
- 2008
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Ingår i: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. - 1538-7755. ; 17:11, s. 51-3241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Differences in the estrogen receptor (ER) status of tumors may explain ambiguities in epidemiologic studies between the blood concentrations of enterolactone and breast cancer. To our knowledge, the association between enterolactone and ERbeta-defined breast cancer has previously not been examined.METHODS: A nested case-control study within the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort used 366 cases and 733 matched controls to identify the major determinants of plasma enterolactone and to examine the association between enterolactone concentration and breast cancer risk and if this association differs depending on the ERalpha and ERbeta status of tumors. A modified diet history method assessed dietary habits. Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay determined enterolactone concentrations and immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray determined ER status.RESULTS: Dietary fiber, as well as fruits and berries, and high-fiber bread showed statistically significant correlations with enterolactone (r, 0.13-0.22). Smoking and obesity were associated with lower enterolactone concentrations. Enterolactone concentrations above the median (16 nmol/L) were associated with reduced breast cancer risk when compared with those below [odds ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.58-0.98]. The reduced risk was only observed for ERalpha [positive (+); odds ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.55-0.97] and ERbeta [negative (-)] tumors (odds ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.42-0.84), with significantly different risks for ERbeta (-) and ERbeta (+) tumors (P for heterogeneity = 0.04).CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the suggestion that enterolactone is a biomarker of a healthy lifestyle. The protective association between enterolactone and breast cancer was significantly different between ERbeta (-) and ERbeta (+) tumors and most evident in tumors that express ERalpha but not ERbeta.
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| 9. |
- Sonestedt, Emily, et al.
(författare)
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Fat and carbohydrate intake modify the association between genetic variation in the FTO genotype and obesity.
- 2009
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Ingår i: The American journal of clinical nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1938-3207 .- 0002-9165. ; 90, s. 1418-1425
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) has been shown to be associated with obesity and to influence appetite regulation. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine whether dietary factors (macronutrient and fiber intakes) and leisure-time physical activity modify the association between genetic variation in FTO and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)). DESIGN: A cross-sectional study examined 4839 subjects in the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer study with dietary data (from a modified diet history method) and information on the genetic variant FTO (rs9939609). Direct anthropometric measures were made, and leisure-time physical activity was determined from the duration participants spent on 18 different physical activities. RESULTS: Significant interactions between energy-adjusted fat intake and FTO genotype (P = 0.04) and between carbohydrate intake and FTO genotype (P = 0.001) on BMI were observed. The observed increase in BMI across FTO genotypes was restricted to those who reported a high-fat diet, with a mean BMI of 25.3 (95% CI: 24.9, 25.6) among TT carriers and of 26.3 (95% CI: 25.8, 26.8) among AA carriers (P = 0.0001). The FTO variant was not associated with a higher BMI among subjects with lower fat intakes (BMI = 25.7 and 25.9 in TT carriers and AA carriers, respectively; P = 0.42). Among individuals with a low-carbohydrate intake, we observed a mean BMI of 25.4 for TT carriers and of 26.8 for AA carriers. The increase in BMI across genotypes was mainly restricted to individuals who reported low leisure-time physical activity (P for trend = 0.004, P for interaction = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that high-fat diets and low physical activity levels may accentuate the susceptibility to obesity by the FTO variant.
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| 10. |
- Sonestedt, Emily, et al.
(författare)
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Past food habit change is related to obesity, lifestyle and socio-economic factors in the Malmo Diet and Cancer Cohort.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Public Health Nutrition. - 1475-2727. ; 8:7, s. 876-885
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To examine if obesity status and socio-economic and lifestyle factors are associated with self-reported past food habit change, and also whether the level of obesity depends on the reason for change. Design: Cross-sectional analysis within the Malmo Diet and Cancer (MDC) study using data from the baseline examination and the extensive socio-economic and lifestyle questionnaire including questions of past food habit change. The risk of having changed food habits in the past was examined using logistic regression. Mean differences in obesity status across categories of reasons for past food habit change were examined using analysis of variance. Setting: Malmo¨, the third largest city in Sweden. Subjects: A sub-sample (15 282 women and 9867 men) from the MDC cohort recruited from 1992 to 1996. Results: Individuals with body mass index (BMI) .30 kgm22 had an increased risk of having reported past food habit change compared with individuals with BMI ,25 kgm22 (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) ¼ 1.48–1.83 for women; OR ¼ 1.53, 95% CI ¼ 1.32–1.76 for men). The highest level of obesity was observed among individuals who had changed their diet due to reasons related to the metabolic syndrome. Changers were more likely to be highly educated and to live alone, be retired, ex-smokers and non-drinkers at baseline. Conclusions: Because past food habit change is related to obesity and other lifestyle and socio-economic factors, a complex confounding situation may exist that could seriously influence observed relationships between diet and disease. Studies need to collect information on past food habit change and take this information into account in the analysis and when interpreting study outcomes.
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