| 1. |
- Almkvist, Ove, et al.
(författare)
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Selective impact of disease on short-term and long-term components of self-reported memory : a population-based HUNT study
- 2017
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 7:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Subjective memory is commonly considered to be a unidimensional measure. However, theories of performance-based memory suggest that subjective memory could be divided into more than one dimension. Objective: To divide subjective memory into theoretically related components of memory and explore the relationship to disease. Methods: In this study, various aspects of self-reported memory were studied with respect to demographics and diseases in the third wave of the HUNT epidemiological study in middle Norway. The study included all individuals 55 years of age or older, who responded to a nine-item questionnaire on subjective memory and questionnaires on health (n=18 633). Results: A principle component analysis of the memory items resulted in two memory components; the criterion used was an eigenvalue above 1, which accounted for 54% of the total variance. The components were interpreted as long-term memory (LTM; the first component; 43% of the total variance) and short-term memory (STM; the second component; 11% of the total variance). Memory impairment was significantly related to all diseases (except Bechterew's disease), most strongly to brain infarction, heart failure, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and whiplash. For most diseases, the STM component was more affected than the LTM component; however, in cancer, the opposite pattern was seen. Conclusions: Subjective memory impairment as measured in HUNT contained two components, which were differentially associated with diseases.
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| 2. |
- Almkvist, Ove, et al.
(författare)
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Subjective working and declarative memory in dementia and normal aging
- 2019
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Ingår i: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0001-6314 .- 1600-0404. ; 140:2, s. 140-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Subjective memory complaints are common in both elderly individuals and patients with dementia. This study investigated the power of subjective memory, divided into declarative and working memory, to differentiate between patients with dementia and normal elderly individuals.Method: Two groups of participants, patients with dementia (n = 117) and normal elderly individuals (n = 117), individually matched with regard to age, gender, and education. All subjects had participated in the third wave of the HUNT population health survey in Nord-Trondelag County in Norway and completed the Meta-Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) in the HUNT study. The MMQ was subdivided into two components, one associated with declarative memory (episodic and semantic) and the other with working memory.Results: Patients with dementia reported significantly more subjective memory concerns than normal elderly individuals. The difference between working and declarative memory components was significantly greater in patients with dementia than in normal elderly individuals. This finding made it possible to differentiate patients with dementia from the normal elderly individuals. Mental and somatic health conditions did not significantly add power to differentiating the two groups.Conclusion: In clinical and research applications, subjective memory components could contribute to differentiation of patients with dementia and normal elderly individuals by using self-reported impairment in working memory, rather than declarative memory.
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| 3. |
- Bosnes, Ingunn, et al.
(författare)
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Lifestyle predictors of successful aging : A 20-year prospective HUNT study
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Lifestyle factors predicting successful aging as a unified concept or as separate components of successful aging are important for understanding healthy aging, interventions and preventions. The main objective was to investigate the effect of midlife predictors on subsequent successful aging 20 years later. Materials and methods Data were from a population-based health survey, the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT), with an average follow-up of 22.6 years. Individuals free of major disease at baseline in 1984-86 with complete datasets for the successful aging components in HUNT3 in 2006-08, were included (n = 4497; mean age at baseline 52.7, range 45-59, years). Successful aging was defined either as a unified category or as three components: being free of nine specified diseases and depression, having no physical or cognitive impairment, and being actively engaged with life. The midlife predictors (smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, obesity and social support) were analysed both as separate predictors and combined into a lifestyle index controlling for sociodemographic variables, using multivariable regression analysis. Results Successful aging as a unified concept was related to all the lifestyle factors in the unadjusted analyses, and all except alcohol consumption in the adjusted analyses. The individual components of successful aging were differently associated with the lifestyle factors; engagement with life was less associated with the lifestyle factors. Non-smoking and good social support were the most powerful predictors for successful aging as a unified concept. When the lifestyle factors were summed into a lifestyle index, there was a trend for more positive lifestyle to be related to higher odds for successful aging. Conclusions Lifestyle factors predicted an overall measure of SA, as well as the individual components, more than 20 years later. Modifiable risk factors in midlife, exemplified by social support, may be used for interventions to promote overall health and specific aspects of health in aging.
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| 4. |
- Bosnes, Ingunn, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence and correlates of successful aging in a population-based sample of older adults : the HUNT study
- 2017
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Ingår i: International psychogeriatrics. - 1041-6102 .- 1741-203X. ; 29:3, s. 431-440
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The factors influencing successful aging (SA) are of great interest in an aging society. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of SA, the relative importance across age of the three components used to define it (absence of disease and disability, high cognitive and physical function, and active engagement with life), and its correlates. Data were extracted from the population-based cross-sectional Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT3 2006–2008). Individuals aged 70–89 years with complete datasets for the three components were included (N = 5773 of 8,040, 71.8%). Of the respondents, 54.6% were women. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to analyze possible correlates of SA. Overall, 35.6% of the sample met one of the three criteria, 34.1% met combinations, and 14.5% met all of the three criteria. The most demanding criterion was high function, closely followed by absence of disease, while approximately two-thirds were actively engaged in life. The relative change with age was largest for the high cognitive and physical function component and smallest for active engagement with life. The significant correlates of SA were younger age, female gender, higher education, weekly exercise, more satisfaction with life, non-smoking, and alcohol consumption, whereas marital status was not related to SA. The prevalence of SA in this study (14.5%) is comparable to previous studies. It may be possible to increase the prevalence by intervention directed toward more exercise, non-smoking, and better satisfaction with life.
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| 5. |
- Bosnes, Ingunn, et al.
(författare)
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Processing speed and working memory are predicted by components of successful aging : a HUNT study
- 2022
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Ingår i: BMC Psychology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2050-7283. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Research has demonstrated that cognitive heterogeneity occurs with aging both within and between individuals. The purpose of this study was to explore whether the cognitive heterogeneity in aging was related to the subgroups of successful and usual aging.Method: Participants were a representative sample of normal older adults (n = 65, age range 70–89 years). All subjects had participated in the third phase of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Survey (HUNT3) and completed all subtests in the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III). Successful aging was defined in four ways in the study: as (1) absence of disease, (2) high functioning, (3) active engagement with life, or (4) all three components combined. Five domains of memory and intelligence functions were investigated using linear regression analysis, with group membership (successful versus usual aging) as predictors and age, sex and education as correlates.Results: Processing speed performance was correlated with the successful aging component absence of disease, younger age and being of the female sex, while working memory performance was correlated with the successful aging component absence of disease and more years of education. Performance in other domains (verbal, visuospatial, and episodic memory) were not related to any successful aging definition. Age had a consistent negative effect on the processing speed domain for all successful aging definitions. Education was positively linked to cognitive performance on the verbal and working memory domains. Being female was positively linked to processing speed and episodic memory.Conclusions: Processing speed and working memory were linked to successful aging when it was defined as absence of disease, but not by other components of successful aging, i.e. domain-specific. In contrast, other cognitive domains were not related to any components of successful aging.
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| 6. |
- Dahl, A., et al.
(författare)
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SPIFA-A presentation of the Structured Psychiatric Interview for General Practice
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 63:6, s. 443-453
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The diagnostic ability of general practitioners (GPs) concerning mental disorders is not optimal, and could be improved by structured diagnostic interviews. Various aspects of the Structured Psychiatric Interview for General Practice (SPIFA) are examined. Aims: The inter-rater reliability of the SPIFA, the time used by GPs and specialists and the GPs satisfaction are examined. The properties of the SPIFA are compared with those of the Prime-MD and the MINI schedules. Methods: Inter-rater reliability of the SPIFA was tested in 336 patients in general practice. The patients were randomized to two interview strategies. Either both GPs and psychiatrists used the SPIFA, or GPs used the SPIFA and psychiatrists a modified version of the SCID for Axis I disorders. The satisfaction was investigated by a questionnaire sent to 1000 GPs who had SPIFA training. Results: The SPIFA showed adequate inter-rater reliability for depression, anxiety disorders and increased suicidal risk for both interview strategies. In patients with more than two co-morbid disorders, the inter-rater reliability was poor. The mean duration of SPIFA was 21 min for SPIFA screening and 22 min for SPIFA manual. The 192 GPs responding to the questionnaire were mostly satisfied with the SPIFA. Conclusions: The SPIFA seems to be a reliable, valid and helpful instrument for GPs making diagnoses of mental disorders in their patients. Compared with the Prime MD and the MINI, the SPIFA seemed to have comparable psychometric properties but better feasibility in primary care.
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| 7. |
- Grav, Siv, et al.
(författare)
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Association between social support and depression in the general population : the HUNT study, a cross-sectional survey.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Nursing. - : Wiley. - 0962-1067 .- 1365-2702. ; 21:1-2, s. 111-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim. The aim was to investigate the associations between perceived social support and depression in a general population in relation to gender and age. Background. Social support is seen as one of the social determinants for overall health in the general population. Studies have found higher probability of experiencing depression among people who have a lack of social support; evidence from the general population has been more limited. Subjective perception that support would be available if needed may reduce and prevent depression and unnecessary suffering. Design. A cross-sectional survey with self-reported health was used. Method. A total of 40,659 men and women aged 20-89 years living in Nord-Trøndelag County of Norway with valid ratings of depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in the The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 3 were used. Logistic regression was used to quantify associations between two types of perceived support (emotional and tangible) and depression. Gender, age and interaction effects were controlled for in the final model. Results. The main finding was that self-rated perceived support was significantly associated with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-defined depression, even after controlling for age and gender; emotional support (OR = 3·14) and tangible support (OR = 2·93). The effects of emotional and tangible support differ between genders. Interaction effects were found for age groups and both emotional and tangible support. Conclusion. Self-rated perceived functional social support is associated with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-defined depression. In the group of older people who have a lack of social support, women seem to need more emotional support and men tangible support. Relevance to clinical practice. Health care providers should consider the close association between social support and depression in their continuing care, particularly in the older people.
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| 8. |
- Grav, Siv, et al.
(författare)
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Association of personality, neighbourhood, and civic participation with the level of perceived social support: the HUNT study, a cross-sectional survey
- 2013
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 41:6, s. 579-586
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim:The aim of the current study was to examine the association of personality,neighbourhood, and civic participation on the level of perceived social support if needed.Methods:The sample consists of a total of 35,797 men (16,035) and women (19,762) drawnfrom the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 3 (HUNT3), aged 20-89, with a fully completed shortversion of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) including a complete response toquestions regarding perceived social support. A multinomial logistic regression model wasused to investigate the association between the three-category outcomes (high, medium, andlow) of perceived social support.Results: The Chi-square test detected a significant (p <0.001) association between personality, sense of community, civic participation, self-ratedhealth, living arrangement, age groups, gender, and perceived social support except betweenperceived social support and loss of social network in which no significance was found. Thecrude and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models shows relation between mediumand low scores on perceived social support, personality, and sources of social support.Interactions were observed between gender and self-rated health.Conclusions: There is anassociation between the level of perceived social support and personality, sense ofcommunity in the neighbourhood, and civic participation. Even if the interactionbetween men and self-reported health decreases the odds for low and medium socialsupport, health professionals should be aware of men with poor health and their lack ofsocial support.
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| 9. |
- Grav, Siv, et al.
(författare)
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The prevalence of recovered and new cases of depressionin relation to social support and temperament in an 11-year follow-up; The HUNT study
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims.This study aimed to describe changes in the prevalence of depression in relation tosocial support and temperament, in an 11-year follow-up study.Background.Lack of social support is a risk factor for depression. Understanding the role oftemperament and social support in relation to development of, and recovery from, depressionmay help nurses to intervene early with high-risk patients in order to prevent depression andpromote health.Design.Longitudinal design was used.Methods.In total, 26,709 men (42.8%) and women (57.2%) aged 20-89 years from Nord-Trøndelag County in Norway participated. Those who had a valid rating on the depressionsubscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) from The Nord-TrøndelagHealth Study (HUNT) wave 2 (1995-97) and wave 3 (2006-08), including a completeresponse to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and questions regarding socialsupport, were included.Results.The prevalence of new cases of depression was higher than the prevalence ofrecovery from depression. There was a significant association between the sub-groups ofdepression and temperament, changes in health, and social support. The risk factors for newcases had a greater causal influence on depression than risk factors for recovery.Conclusions.Prevention of depression seems to be more effective than treatment. Olderpeople and males are the most frequent new cases. Nurses should emphasize the interpersonalprocess to meet the needs of an individual patient and his or her social network that providessocial support, especially among older people and males.
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| 10. |
- Grav, Siv
(författare)
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The relationship between social support, personality and depression in the general population : Focusing on older people
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Today's wide variety of diseases and health problems areinfluenced in part by an aging population and by environmental andlifestyle changes. Depression is one of the most quickly growingdisorders, causing a huge decrease in quality of life. Depression alsoincreases with age. The expected increase in the number of olderpeople in the years to come might lead to an increasing problem ofincreased case loads for primary health care in the coming years asthe delivery of healthcare services shifts from clinical settings to thehome. People who lack social support are more likely to experiencepoorer quality of life, including depression. Personality is a robustpredictor of behaviour and essential life outcomes. The aim of thisthesis is to describe the relationship between social support,personality and depression in the general population, with a focus onolder people.This thesis used data from the Nord-Trondelag Health Study(HUNT), a large census population survey in Norway. Paper I (n=40,659), II (n= 35,832), and III (n=35,797) used data from HUNT3(2006-2008), and Paper IV (n=25,626) used data from both HUNT2(1995-1997) and HUNT3. Paper I, II, and III used cross-sectionaldesigns and paper IV used a longitudinal design. The age of thesample was 20−89, divided into three age-groups: 20−64 years(adults), 65−74 years (old), and 75−89 years (oldest old). Depressionwas measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS in the HUNT2 and 3), personality was measured with a shortversion of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ in theHUNT3), and social support was examined with single questionsabout perceived support from friends (HUNT2 and 3).iiiThe main finding in Paper I was that self-rated perceived supportwas significantly associated with depression, even after controllingfor age and gender, emotional support (OR = 3.14), and tangiblesupport (OR = 2.93). The effects of emotional and tangible supportdiffer between genders. Interaction effects were found for age groupsas well as emotional and tangible support. Paper II showed arelationship between depression and both neuroticism andextraversion in a general population. Older people are more likely toscore low on extraversion (E) than younger people. Interactions wereobserved between neuroticism and age, neuroticism and gender, andextraversion with depression. The interaction terms indicates a highscore on neuroticism (N) is enhanced by introversion, older age, andbeing a male with depression. Paper III showed a significantassociation between levels of perceived social support, personality,sense of community in the neighbourhood, and civic participation.Women frequently reported higher levels of social support, andhigher scores on both extraversion and neuroticism than men, whilemen reported higher sense of community in the neighbourhood andlevels of civic participation than women. Paper IV showed that riskfactors had a greater effect on new cases than on recovery fromdepression. The greatest association with new cases of depressionwas found for male sex, the oldest age group, melancholics, thosewho lacked social support, those who never participated in socialactivities, those with decreasing community in the neighbourhood,those with poor health, and those who have gotten divorced. Thegreatest association with recovery from depression was found forfemale sex, sanguine temperament, those with social support, thosewho participated in social activities, those with increasingivcommunity in the neighbourhood, and those who have obtainedbetter health.The findings show that both social support and personality arerisk factors for developing depression. Nurses should put extra effortinto how they care for patients with low extraversion, highneuroticism and, low social support in order to help these patientsavoid depression. Nurses have to "see the patient" and "care about",and respect patient’s values, preferences and expressed needs.
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