| 1. |
- Grav, Siv, et al.
(författare)
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Association between social support and depression in the general population : the HUNT study, a cross-sectional survey.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Nursing. - : Wiley. - 0962-1067 .- 1365-2702. ; 21:1-2, s. 111-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim. The aim was to investigate the associations between perceived social support and depression in a general population in relation to gender and age. Background. Social support is seen as one of the social determinants for overall health in the general population. Studies have found higher probability of experiencing depression among people who have a lack of social support; evidence from the general population has been more limited. Subjective perception that support would be available if needed may reduce and prevent depression and unnecessary suffering. Design. A cross-sectional survey with self-reported health was used. Method. A total of 40,659 men and women aged 20-89 years living in Nord-Trøndelag County of Norway with valid ratings of depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in the The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 3 were used. Logistic regression was used to quantify associations between two types of perceived support (emotional and tangible) and depression. Gender, age and interaction effects were controlled for in the final model. Results. The main finding was that self-rated perceived support was significantly associated with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-defined depression, even after controlling for age and gender; emotional support (OR = 3·14) and tangible support (OR = 2·93). The effects of emotional and tangible support differ between genders. Interaction effects were found for age groups and both emotional and tangible support. Conclusion. Self-rated perceived functional social support is associated with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-defined depression. In the group of older people who have a lack of social support, women seem to need more emotional support and men tangible support. Relevance to clinical practice. Health care providers should consider the close association between social support and depression in their continuing care, particularly in the older people.
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| 2. |
- Grav, Siv, et al.
(författare)
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Association of personality, neighbourhood, and civic participation with the level of perceived social support: the HUNT study, a cross-sectional survey
- 2013
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 41:6, s. 579-586
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim:The aim of the current study was to examine the association of personality,neighbourhood, and civic participation on the level of perceived social support if needed.Methods:The sample consists of a total of 35,797 men (16,035) and women (19,762) drawnfrom the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 3 (HUNT3), aged 20-89, with a fully completed shortversion of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) including a complete response toquestions regarding perceived social support. A multinomial logistic regression model wasused to investigate the association between the three-category outcomes (high, medium, andlow) of perceived social support.Results: The Chi-square test detected a significant (p <0.001) association between personality, sense of community, civic participation, self-ratedhealth, living arrangement, age groups, gender, and perceived social support except betweenperceived social support and loss of social network in which no significance was found. Thecrude and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models shows relation between mediumand low scores on perceived social support, personality, and sources of social support.Interactions were observed between gender and self-rated health.Conclusions: There is anassociation between the level of perceived social support and personality, sense ofcommunity in the neighbourhood, and civic participation. Even if the interactionbetween men and self-reported health decreases the odds for low and medium socialsupport, health professionals should be aware of men with poor health and their lack ofsocial support.
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| 3. |
- Grav, Siv, et al.
(författare)
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The prevalence of recovered and new cases of depressionin relation to social support and temperament in an 11-year follow-up; The HUNT study
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims.This study aimed to describe changes in the prevalence of depression in relation tosocial support and temperament, in an 11-year follow-up study.Background.Lack of social support is a risk factor for depression. Understanding the role oftemperament and social support in relation to development of, and recovery from, depressionmay help nurses to intervene early with high-risk patients in order to prevent depression andpromote health.Design.Longitudinal design was used.Methods.In total, 26,709 men (42.8%) and women (57.2%) aged 20-89 years from Nord-Trøndelag County in Norway participated. Those who had a valid rating on the depressionsubscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) from The Nord-TrøndelagHealth Study (HUNT) wave 2 (1995-97) and wave 3 (2006-08), including a completeresponse to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and questions regarding socialsupport, were included.Results.The prevalence of new cases of depression was higher than the prevalence ofrecovery from depression. There was a significant association between the sub-groups ofdepression and temperament, changes in health, and social support. The risk factors for newcases had a greater causal influence on depression than risk factors for recovery.Conclusions.Prevention of depression seems to be more effective than treatment. Olderpeople and males are the most frequent new cases. Nurses should emphasize the interpersonalprocess to meet the needs of an individual patient and his or her social network that providessocial support, especially among older people and males.
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| 4. |
- Grav, Siv
(författare)
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The relationship between social support, personality and depression in the general population : Focusing on older people
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Today's wide variety of diseases and health problems areinfluenced in part by an aging population and by environmental andlifestyle changes. Depression is one of the most quickly growingdisorders, causing a huge decrease in quality of life. Depression alsoincreases with age. The expected increase in the number of olderpeople in the years to come might lead to an increasing problem ofincreased case loads for primary health care in the coming years asthe delivery of healthcare services shifts from clinical settings to thehome. People who lack social support are more likely to experiencepoorer quality of life, including depression. Personality is a robustpredictor of behaviour and essential life outcomes. The aim of thisthesis is to describe the relationship between social support,personality and depression in the general population, with a focus onolder people.This thesis used data from the Nord-Trondelag Health Study(HUNT), a large census population survey in Norway. Paper I (n=40,659), II (n= 35,832), and III (n=35,797) used data from HUNT3(2006-2008), and Paper IV (n=25,626) used data from both HUNT2(1995-1997) and HUNT3. Paper I, II, and III used cross-sectionaldesigns and paper IV used a longitudinal design. The age of thesample was 20−89, divided into three age-groups: 20−64 years(adults), 65−74 years (old), and 75−89 years (oldest old). Depressionwas measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS in the HUNT2 and 3), personality was measured with a shortversion of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ in theHUNT3), and social support was examined with single questionsabout perceived support from friends (HUNT2 and 3).iiiThe main finding in Paper I was that self-rated perceived supportwas significantly associated with depression, even after controllingfor age and gender, emotional support (OR = 3.14), and tangiblesupport (OR = 2.93). The effects of emotional and tangible supportdiffer between genders. Interaction effects were found for age groupsas well as emotional and tangible support. Paper II showed arelationship between depression and both neuroticism andextraversion in a general population. Older people are more likely toscore low on extraversion (E) than younger people. Interactions wereobserved between neuroticism and age, neuroticism and gender, andextraversion with depression. The interaction terms indicates a highscore on neuroticism (N) is enhanced by introversion, older age, andbeing a male with depression. Paper III showed a significantassociation between levels of perceived social support, personality,sense of community in the neighbourhood, and civic participation.Women frequently reported higher levels of social support, andhigher scores on both extraversion and neuroticism than men, whilemen reported higher sense of community in the neighbourhood andlevels of civic participation than women. Paper IV showed that riskfactors had a greater effect on new cases than on recovery fromdepression. The greatest association with new cases of depressionwas found for male sex, the oldest age group, melancholics, thosewho lacked social support, those who never participated in socialactivities, those with decreasing community in the neighbourhood,those with poor health, and those who have gotten divorced. Thegreatest association with recovery from depression was found forfemale sex, sanguine temperament, those with social support, thosewho participated in social activities, those with increasingivcommunity in the neighbourhood, and those who have obtainedbetter health.The findings show that both social support and personality arerisk factors for developing depression. Nurses should put extra effortinto how they care for patients with low extraversion, highneuroticism and, low social support in order to help these patientsavoid depression. Nurses have to "see the patient" and "care about",and respect patient’s values, preferences and expressed needs.
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| 5. |
- Hellzen, Ove, et al.
(författare)
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The relationship among neuroticism, extraversion, and depression in the HUNT Study: in relation to age and gender.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0161-2840 .- 1096-4673. ; 33:11, s. 777-785
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between personality and depression in a general population in relation to gender and age. The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (2006–2008), a large cross-sectional survey, was used. The sample consists of 35,832 men (16,104) and women (19,728) aged 20–89 years, living in the Nord-Trøndelag County of Norway, with valid ratings on the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). This study demonstrates a relationship between depression and both neuroticism and extraversion in a general population. Older people score low more often on Extraversion (E) than younger people. Interactions were observed between neuroticism and age, gender, and extraversion with depression. The interaction term indicates a high score on Neuroticism (N) enhanced by introversion, older age, and being a male with depression. The findings suggest that health professionals may need to put extra effort into the care of patients with low extraversion and high neuroticism, in order to help those patients avoid depression.Read More: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/01612840.2012.713082
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| 6. |
- Rasmussen, Hege, et al.
(författare)
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Family caregivers experiences of the pre-diagnostic stage in frontotemporal dementia
- 2019
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Ingår i: Geriatric Nursing. - : Elsevier. - 0197-4572 .- 1528-3984. ; 40:3, s. 246-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disease with symptoms that differs from other dementias. Commonly early symptoms in FTD are changes in personality and behavior, which can be interpreted as psychiatric disease. The delay in FTD diagnosis contributes to the burden of family caregivers. Therefore, it is important to have more knowledge about the pre-diagnostic stage. In this qualitative interview study, we explored fourteen family caregiver's experiences of the pre-diagnostic stage of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Our findings suggest that the family caregivers experienced the pre-diagnostic stage of FTD as changes in the interpersonal relationship with their loved one. These changes were often subtle and difficult for family caregivers to explain to others. The findings from our study illuminate the importance of medical staff paying attention when a next of kin is concerned about subtle changes in a loved one. The findings also illuminate that awareness of FTD should be raised.
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