| 1. |
- Beckman, K., et al.
(författare)
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Impulsive suicide attempts among young people-A prospective multicentre cohort study in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Affective Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-0327 .- 1573-2517. ; 243, s. 421-426
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: We aimed to compare the prevalence of impulsive suicide attempts (ISA) among young adults and those over 25 who present at hospital in connection with attempted suicide. We also aimed to identify factors associated with ISA in young adults and to assess medical severity as well as the probability of repeated suicide attempts in this age group. Method: A prospective multicentre cohort study included hospital known cases of suicide attempt (N = 666). The prevalence of ISA was compared between young adults (18-25) and adults aged > 26. We used logistic regression models to identify factors associated with ISA, associations of ISA with high medical severity and prediction of new fatal or non-fatal suicide attempts within 6 months. Results: 43.7% of the young patients had made an ISA, and 30.2% among those aged > 26 (p = 0.001). Among the young, substance use disorder was associated with ISA; crude odds ratio (OR) 2.0 (1.0-4.2), and adjusted OR 2.1 (0.99-4.4). Affective disorder and unemployment/sickness absence implied lower odds of ISA. ISA resulted in injuries of high medical severity as often as more planned attempts and non-fatal or fatal repetition within 6 months was equally common (30%) in both groups. Limitations: The study was set in psychiatric emergency services, which limits the generalizability. Conclusions: Clinicians should acknowledge that suicide attempts among youth often occur without previous planning and may result in medically severe injuries. The probability of new fatal or non-fatal suicide attempts should be kept in mind also after an impulsive suicide attempt.
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| 2. |
- Gruber, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Psychometric evaluation of the Learning Experience Questionnaire (LEQ) course evaluation instrument
- 2021
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Ingår i: Universitetspedagogiska konferensen 2021. - Umeå : Universitetspedagogik och lärandestöd (UPL), Umeå universitet. ; , s. 22-22
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A central part in the educational quality work at universities and their departments is the process of course evaluations. The Centre for Educational Development (UPL) at Umea university is working on developing and implementing a course evaluation instrument called the Learning Experience Questionnaire (LEQ). The instrument was originally developed by Dan Borglund and colleagues (Borg et al., 2017) at The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm. Since a couple of years, the Department of Psychology in Umeå has started to use this evaluation instrument. LEQ consists of 23 items measuring the students experience of their learning environment and factors believed to contribute to their learning (Bain, 2004). The 22 items have also tentatively been categorized into the three dimensions meaningfulness (6 items), comprehensibility (10 items) and manageability (6 items) inspired by Aron Antonovsky (1979). In order to further develop LEQ we will present a psychometric analysis of the instrument to look at what factors are present and if it is statistically reasonable to categorize the items into the three dimensions suggested. Preliminary reliability analysis of all items in LEQ suggests a high internal item reliability for the instrument with Cronback'a alpha exceeding .90.
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| 3. |
- Idenfors, Hans, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Are non-psychiatric hospitalisations before self-harm associated with an increased risk for suicide among young people?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3999 .- 1879-1360. ; 120, s. 96-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This study aimed to investigate any increased risk for suicide in young people with admission for self-harm and if the risk is further increased due to somatic inpatient admissions before a first act of self-harm.Methods: This register study included 16,235 cases in the ages 16–24, with a first admission for self-harm, and 32,465 matched controls. All admissions and diagnoses were recorded from the year preceding cases first admission for self-harm. Subjects were followed until death or end of study, registering the cause of death for all deceased. Group differences were analysed using survival analysis with death by suicide as primary outcome.Results: In cases with a previous somatic admission, the risk for death by suicide during the study period was higher than in cases without a somatic admission (457 and 316 suicides per 100,000 people and year, respectively, p = 0.01). For cases with a somatic admission, the hazard ratio was 1.43 (95% confidence interval 1.04–1.98) compared with those without somatic admissions (controlled for age, sex and psychiatric admission). Survival of cases with a previous somatic admission compared with those without was 98.4% versus 99.2% after the first year, 97.8% versus 98.9% after the second year, and 95.5% versus 96.9% after the tenth year.Conclusions: This study suggests that admission for physical illness before self-harm is associated with a higher risk for suicide among young people, and that their contact with healthcare due to physical problems could provide an opportunity to detect suicide risk.
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| 4. |
- Idenfors, Hans, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Non-psychiatric inpatient care preceding admission for self-harm in young people
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3999 .- 1879-1360. ; 88, s. 8-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectiveMany young people contact health services before they harm themselves intentionally. However, they often seek care for non-suicidal or non-psychiatric causes despite having suicidal thoughts. We investigated the non-psychiatric hospital diagnoses received by young people during the year before their first admission to hospital for self-harm.MethodsFrom a national register, we selected people who were hospitalised for an episode of self-harm during the period 1999-2009, at which time they were aged 16 to 24. We compared them with matched controls regarding the probability for being admitted with different diagnoses during the year preceding the self-harm admission.ResultsThe study included 48,705 young people (16,235 cases and 32,470 controls). Those admitted for self-harm were more likely than controls to have been hospitalised for non-psychiatric reasons, which included symptomatic diagnoses such as abdominal pain, syncope/collapse, unspecified convulsions, and chest pain. Certain chronic somatic illnesses were also overrepresented, such as epilepsy, diabetes mellitus type 1, and asthma.ConclusionsSymptomatic diagnoses were more common in those who had been admitted for self-harm. It is possible that psychiatric problems could have been the cause of the symptoms in some of these admissions where no underlying illness could be found, and if this was not uncovered it might lead to a delay in suicide risk assessment. For several chronic illnesses, when admitted to hospital, a psychiatric evaluation might be indicated.
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| 5. |
- Idenfors, Hans, 1979-
(författare)
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Young people's contact with healthcare before and after suicidal behaviour
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BackgroundSelf-harm is a major and growing public health issue among young people worldwide. Self-harm is an important risk factor for suicide, which is one of the leading causes of death for young people. Although suicide rates are declining overall, this trend is not seen in young people. Young people with mental distress and/or suicidal thoughts are reluctant to seek help, and often drop out of treatment initiated after a self-harm episode. Many young people who self-harm have had contact with healthcare before their first self-harm episode, but often for reasons other than suicidal thoughts or psychiatric problems. In this context, physical illness is associated with increased risk for self-harm and suicide among young people. The present thesis investigated how young people perceived the help and support they received before and after an episode of self-harm. A further aim was to map the inpatient somatic healthcare contacts young patients had before an episode of self-harm, and determine any relationship to risk for self-harm and suicide.MethodFour studies were conducted using qualitative and quantitative methods. Participants were people aged 16-24 years. The definition of self-harm was based on the intentional self-harm criteria in the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision, which includes all forms of self-harm without ascribing suicidal intent. In the first two studies, 10 respective 9 participants with a first healthcare contact for self-harm were interviewed during 2009-2011. The interviews covered participants’ knowledge and experience of professional care before their healthcare contact for self-harm. Participants were interviewed a second time 6 months later about their experiences with professional care during the period since their initial interview. Qualitative content analysis was used for all interviews. For the next two studies, we selected 16,235 participants with a first hospitalisation for self-harm during 1999-2009 from the Swedish National Inpatient Register. These cases were compared with matched controls to determine the odds of having been admitted with a non-psychiatric diagnosis during the year preceding the self-harm admission. To assess risk for suicide, data were retrieved from the Swedish Cause of Death Register for all deceased participants until 2013, and group differences were determined using survival analysis.ResultsIn the first interview, participants described how they wanted more information on where they could turn for professional help. They also wanted different help-seeking pathways and emphasised the importance of the quality of professional contact. After 6 months, participants stressed the importance of being able to rely on professionals and treatment. Their life circumstances significantly affected their treatment, and practical help was appreciated. The register studies showed that young people admitted for self-harm were more likely to have been hospitalised with symptomatic diagnoses such as abdominal pain and syncope/collapse, and somatic illnesses such as epilepsy and diabetes mellitus type 1. A higher proportion of cases (4.5%; women 2.6%, men 8.8%) died during the study period than controls (0.3%; women 0.2%, men 0.6%) (p<0.001). For both cases and controls, a higher proportion of those with a previous somatic admission died from suicide during the study period than those without a somatic admission (cases: 4.2% vs. 2.8%, p<0.05). For cases with a somatic admission, the hazard ratio was 1.43 (95% confidence interval 1.04-1.98) compared with those without somatic admissions (controlled for age, sex and psychiatric admission). Survival of cases with a previous somatic admission compared with those without was 98.4% versus 99.2% after the first year, 97.8% versus 98.9% after the second year, and 95.5% versus 96.9% after the tenth year.ConclusionThese findings suggest that healthcare providers need to find new ways to reach young people at risk for suicidal behaviour. Access to professional help should be easy and direct. Treatment for young people after self-harm should be flexible, and be receptive to input from the patient. The importance of and need for basic practical help should not be overlooked. Somatic healthcare contact provides an opportunity for intervention, particularly as psychiatric problems can manifest as physical symptoms, and physical illness is a risk factor for self-harm and suicide.
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| 6. |
- Lindh, ÅU, et al.
(författare)
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A Comparison of Suicide Risk Scales in Predicting Repeat Suicide Attempt and Suicide: A Clinical Cohort Study
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Journal of clinical psychiatry. - : Physicians Postgraduate Press. - 1555-2101 .- 0160-6689. ; 80:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To compare the predictive accuracy of the Suicide Intent Scale (SIS), the Suicide Assessment Scale (SUAS), the Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale (KIVS), and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) for suicide attempts and suicides within 3 and 12 months of an episode of self-harm. METHODS: This prospective multicenter cohort study included patients (N = 804) aged 18-95 years with a recent episode of self-harm assessed in psychiatric emergency settings from April 2012 to April 2016. Suicide attempts and suicides were identified in medical records and in the National Cause of Death Register. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed, and accuracy statistics were calculated. A sensitivity of at least 80% combined with a specificity of at least 50% were considered minimally acceptable. RESULTS: At least 1 suicide attempt was recorded for 216 participants during follow-up, and 19 participants died by suicide. The SUAS and C-SSRS were better than chance in classifying the 114 suicide attempts occurring within the first 3 months; a C-SSRS score ≥ 27 yielded a sensitivity/specificity of 79.8%/51.5% (P < .001). During 1-year follow-up, the SUAS and C-SSRS also performed better than chance, but no cutoff on either instrument gave a sensitivity/specificity of ≥ 80%/≥ 50%. The SIS was the only instrument that could classify suicides correctly. At 3 months, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.89-0.99), and a score ≥ 21 predicted suicide with a sensitivity/specificity of 100%/81.9%, based on only 4 suicides. At 1-year follow-up, the AUC was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.61-0.87), and a score ≥ 17 predicted suicide with a sensitivity/specificity of 72.2%/57.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Instruments that predicted nonfatal repeat suicide attempts did not predict suicide and vice versa. With the possible exception of the prediction of suicide by the SIS in a short time frame, the specificity of these instruments was low, giving them a limited relevance in the prediction of suicidal behaviors. © Copyright 2019 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
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| 7. |
- Naesström, Matilda, 1987-
(författare)
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Deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is under investigation for severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) resistant to other therapies. As a crucial part of the anxiety circuit in the brain, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) has been proposed as a target for DBS in OCD. However, the mechanism of action of BNST DBS in OCD is not yet fully understood. In our studies, the aim was to evaluate the effect and side effects of DBS in the BNST in severe OCD, to investigate which anatomical areas are being affected by the stimulation and what could be the potential mechanism of action of DBS in this target. We also explored the knowledge and concerns regarding DBS in OCD among psychiatrists, psychotherapists and patients suffering from the disorder. We investigate clinical outcomes and safety of DBS in the BNST in a series of 11 participants with severe therapy-refractory OCD. The primary outcome was a change in the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) scores one year after surgery. Using image and stimulation parameter data from the study above, we investigate through participant-specific simulation of the electric field, which anatomical areas are affected by the electric field, and if this can be related to the clinical results. Six of the participants were evaluated with symptom provocation fMRI pre-operatively and in DBS ON and OFF conditions. A web-based study surveyed psychiatrists, patients, and cognitive-behavioural therapists regarding previous knowledge of DBS, source of knowledge, attitudes, and concerns towards the therapy.At baseline, the mean±SD YBOCS score was 33±3.0. One year after DBS, mean±SD YBOCS score was 20±4.8 (38% improvement (range 10- 60%) p <0.01). Of the 11 participants, six were considered responders (decrease in YBOCS ≥35%) and four partial responders (decrease in YBOCS 25-34%). Surgical adverse events included one case of skin infection leading to reimplantation. The most common transient stimulation-related side-effects were anxiety and insomnia. The individual electric stimulation fields by stimulation in the BNST were similar at the 12 and 24-months follow up, involving mainly the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC), genu of the internal capsule, BNST, fornix, anteromedial globus pallidus externa (GPe) and the anterior commissure. A statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05) between clinical effect measured by the YBOCS and simulation was found at the 12-month follow-up in the ventral ALIC and anteromedial GPe. A significant decrease in anxiety-related brain activity in the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and the anterior insula was seen in 3/6 participants, with a comparable reduction (below significance level) in the other three participants. Results from the survey found that the primary source of information was from scientific sources among psychiatrists and psychotherapists. The patients' primary source of information was the media. Common concerns among the groups included complications from surgery, anaesthesia, stimulation side effects, and the novelty of the treatment. Specific concerns for the groups included; personality changes mentioned by patients and psychotherapists and ethical concerns among psychiatrists.BNST DBS is a promising therapy in severe therapy-refractory OCD. Our results are in line with previous publications regarding effect and safety profiles. We hypothesise that possible mechanisms of BNST DBS in OCD could be modulation of anxiety-related activity in the pre-SMA and anterior insula, two regions that play an important role in the pathophysiology of OCD. Many of the targets under investigation for OCD are in anatomical proximity, and as seen in our study, offtarget effects overlap. Therefore, DBS in the region of ALIC, NA, and BNST may perhaps be considered to be stimulation of the same target. DBS challenges in obsessive-compulsive disorder consist of source and quality of information, potential long-term adverse effects and eligibility. A broad research agenda is needed for studies as we advance in this field.
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| 8. |
- Naesström, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
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Deep Brain Stimulation in the Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder : 1-Year Follow-up
- 2021
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Ingår i: World Neurosurgery. - : Elsevier. - 1878-8750 .- 1878-8769. ; 149, s. e794-e802
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is under investigation as a treatment for therapy-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). As a crucial part of the anxiety circuit, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) has been proposed as a target for DBS in OCD. Here, we investigate clinical outcomes and safety of DBS in the BNST in a series of 11 participants with severe therapy-refractory OCD.Methods: Eleven consecutive participants diagnosed with refractory OCD were treated with BNST DBS and completed follow-up. The primary outcome was a change in scores of the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) at 1 year after surgery. Secondary outcomes included changes in scores of the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning.Results: At baseline, the mean ± SD YBOCS score was 33 ± 3.0, MADRS score was 29 ± 4.5, and GAF score was 49 ± 5.4. One year after DBS, mean ± SD YBOCS score was 20 ± 4.8 (38% improvement (range 10%−60%) P < 0.01), MADRS score was 21 ± 5.8 (27% improvement, range 4%−74%, P < 0.01), and Global Assessment of Functioning score was 55 ± 6.5 (12% improvement, range 4%−29%, P < 0.05). Of the 11 participants, 6 were considered responders (decrease in YBOCS ≥35%) and 4 partial responders (decrease in YBOCS 25%−34%). Surgical adverse events included 1 case of skin infection leading to reimplantation. The most common transient stimulation-related side effects were anxiety and insomnia.Conclusions: BNST DBS is a promising therapy in severe therapy-refractory OCD. Our results are in line with previous publications regarding effect and safety profile. Nevertheless, DBS for OCD remains an investigational therapy and should therefore be performed in multidisciplinary clinical studies.
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| 9. |
- Olsson, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults who present with self-harm : a comparative 6-month follow-up study
- 2022
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Ingår i: BMC Psychiatry. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-244X. ; 22:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: ADHD is common in psychiatric populations. This study aimed to compare clinical characteristics in adults with and without ADHD who presented with self-harm, and to compare later risk of suicidal behaviour within 6 months.Methods: Eight hundred four adults presented with self-harm (with and without suicidal intent) at psychiatric emergency services at three Swedish hospitals. Persons with a discharge ICD-10 diagnosis F90.0-F90.9 or a prescription for ADHD medication were considered to have ADHD (n = 93). Medical records were reviewed for evidence of subsequent suicide attempts (SA) within 6 months; suicides were identified by national register.Results: Recent relationship problems were more prevalent in the ADHD group. While the index episodes of those with ADHD were more often non-suicidal, and actual SAs more often rated as impulsive, medical lethality at presentation did not differ in attempters with and without ADHD. Subsequent SAs (fatal or non-fatal) were observed in 29% of the ADHD group and 20% in all others (P = .005). A logistic regression model showed elevated risk of suicidal behaviour during follow-up in the ADHD group (OR = 1.70, CI 1.05–2.76), although a final regression model suggested that this association was partly explained by age and comorbid emotionally unstable personality disorder.Conclusions: Findings highlight the need for clinicians to take self-harm seriously in adults with ADHD.
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| 10. |
- Semb, Olof, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Distress after a single violent crime : how shame-proneness and event-related shame work together as risk factors for post-victimization symptoms
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychological Reports. - 0033-2941 .- 1558-691X. ; 109:1, s. 3-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To increase understanding of post-victimization symptom development, the present study investigated the role of shame- and guilt-proneness and event-related shame and guilt as potential risk factors. 35 individuals (M age = 31.7 yr.; 48.5% women), recently victimized by a single event of severe violent crime, were assessed regarding shame- and guilt-proneness, event-related shame and guilt, and post-victimization symptoms. The mediating role of event-related shame was investigated with structural equation modeling (SEM), using bootstrapping. The guilt measures were unrelated to each other and to post-victimization symptoms. The shame measures were highly intercorrelated and were both positively correlated to more severe post-victimization symptom levels. Event-related shame as mediator between shame-proneness and post-victimization symptoms was demonstrated by prevalent significant indirect effects. Both shame measures are potent risk factors for distress after victimization, whereby part of the effect of shame-proneness on post-victimization symptoms is explained by event-related shame.
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