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- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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- Adcox, K, et al.
(författare)
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PHENIX detector overview
- 2003
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors, and Associated Equipment. - 0167-5087. ; 499:2-3, s. 469-479
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The PHENIX detector is designed to perform a broad study of A-A, p-A, and p-p collisions to investigate nuclear matter under extreme conditions. A wide variety of probes, sensitive to all timescales, are used to study systematic variations with species and energy as well as to measure the spin structure of the nucleon. Designing for the needs of the heavy-ion and polarized-proton programs has produced a detector with unparalleled capabilities. PHENIX measures electron and muon pairs, photons, and hadrons with excellent energy and momentum resolution. The detector consists of a large number of subsystems that are discussed in other papers in this volume. The overall design parameters of the detector are presented. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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- Sun, LC, et al.
(författare)
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Toward solar energy conversion into fuels: Design and synthesis of ruthenium-manganese supramolecular complexes to mimic the function of photosystem II
- 2003
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Ingår i: ACS Symposium Series. - 0097-6156. ; 852, s. 219-244
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- To mimic the electron donor side of Photosystem II (PSII), a number of supramolecular model complexes have been designed and synthesized. Ruthenium(II) tris-bipyridyl complexes have been used in most cases as photosensitizers, mimicking the function of P-680 in PSII. As electron donors, monomeric and dimeric manganese complexes and tyrosine have been introduced into the supramolecular systems, modelling the Mn cluster and Tyrosinez respectively in PSII For monomeric manganese complexes, di-, tri- and tetradentate ligands have been linked to a Ruthenium(II) trisbipyridyl type complex; and for dimeric manganese complexes hepta-dentate ligands containing pyridines have been used. Some related ligands, where two pyridines have been replaced by phenolate groups have also been synthesized, in order to get ligands that can stabilize manganese complex in high valence states. Photophysical and photochemical studies showed that the electron transfer rate from monomeric Mn complex to photo-generated Ru(III) was low when Mn-Ru distance was long, while the electron transfer rate was enhanced when the Mn-Ru distance was short. However, the excited state of ruthenium complex was quenched if Mn got close to the Ru, leading to a short lifetime. By synthetically inserting a tyrosine unit between Ru and Mn moieties, quenching of the excited state lifetime of Ru was reduced, and the electron transfer from Mn to Ru(III) was very fast although the Mn-Ru distance was long. These supramolecular Ru-Mn systems are closely modelling the electron donor side of PSII both functionally and structurally. The design and synthesis of these model systems are summarized and discussed in this chapter.
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