| 1. |
- Calling, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
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Longitudinal trends in self-reported anxiety. Effects of age and birth cohort during 25 years
- 2017
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Ingår i: BMC Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-244X. ; 17:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Anxiety has been suggested to increase among young individuals, but previous studies on longitudinal trends are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to analyze longitudinally, the changes over time of prevalence of self-reported anxiety in the Swedish population between 1980/1981 and 2004/2005, in different birth cohorts and age groups. Methods: A random sample of non-institutionalized persons aged 16-71years was interviewed every eighth year. Self-reported anxiety was assessed using the question" Do you suffer from nervousness, uneasiness, or anxiety?" (no; yes, mild; yes, severe). Mixed models with random intercepts were used to estimate changes in rates of anxiety (mild or severe) within different age groups and birth cohorts and in males and females separately. In addition to three time-related variables - year of interview, age at the time of the interview, and year of birth -the following explanatory variables were included: education, urbanization, marital status, smoking, leisure time physical activity and body mass index. Results: Overall prevalence of self-reported anxiety increased from 8.0 to 12.4% in males and from 17.8% to 23.6% in females, during the 25-year follow-up period. The increasing trend was found in all age groups except in the oldest age groups, and the highest increase was found in young adults 16-23years, with more than a three-fold increase in females, and a 2.5-fold increase in males, after adjustments for covariates. Conclusions: Between 1980/81 and 2004/05, there was an increasing prevalence of self-reported anxiety in all age groups except in the oldest, which indicates increased suffering for a large part of the population, and probably an increased burden on the health care system. Clinical efforts should focus particularly on young females (16-23years), where the increase was particularly large; almost one third experienced anxiety at the end of the 25-year follow-up.
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| 2. |
- Calling, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
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Women's Health in the Lund Area (WHILA) study. Health problems and acute myocardial infarction in women – A 17-year follow-up study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Maturitas. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-5122. ; 115, s. 45-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The literature has highlighted the importance of identifying symptoms predictive of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in women, in addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The objective was to study subjective health problems, in relation to later AMI, in a large sample of women, adjusted for age, educational status, smoking, waist/hip ratio, blood pressure, total cholesterol/HDL ratio, diabetes and neighbourhood socioeconomic status. Study design: From December 1995 to February 2000 a cohort of 6711 women aged 50–59 years in southern Sweden underwent a physical examination and answered a questionnaire that had 18 items on health problems such as stress symptoms, tiredness and pain. Main outcome measures: Incidence of AMI during a mean follow-up of 17 years, drawn from national registers. Results: The number of health problems showed a J-shaped relationship with AMI, with the lowest hazard ratio (HR) in women with a median of 4 health problems. The HR for AMI in women with 0 health problems was 1.58 (95% CI: 0.95–2.63) and in those with 13 problems HR 1.65 (95% CI 1.16–2.36), after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Conclusions: The presence of several health problems, including pain and stress symptoms, is associated with an increased risk of later AMI in middle-aged women. Awareness among clinicians of predictive risk factors for AMI is important for the early identification of individuals at higher risk.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Karadag, Özge, et al.
(författare)
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Longitudinal age-and cohort trends in body mass index in Sweden - a 24-year follow-up study
- 2013
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The aim of this longitudinal study was to analyze whether mean Body Mass Index (BMI), assessed at four occasions, changed within different age groups and birth cohorts over time, i.e., between 1980/81 and 2004/05, after adjustment for possible confounders. Methods: A sample of 2728 men and 2770 women aged 16-71 years at study start were randomly drawn from the Swedish Total Population Register and followed from 1980/81 to 2004/05. The same sample was assessed on four occasions during the 24-year study period (i.e., every eighth year). The outcome variable, BMI, was based on self-reported height and weight. A mixed model, with random intercept and random slope, was used to estimate annual changes in BMI within the different age groups and birth cohorts. Results: Mean BMI increased from 24.1 to 25.5 for men and from 23.1 to 24.3 for women during the 24-year study period. The annual change by age group was highest in the ages of 32-39, 40-47 and 48-55 years among men, and in the ages of 24-31, 32-39, and 40-47 years among women. The highest annual changes were found in the youngest birth cohorts for both men and women, i.e., those born 1958-65, 1966-73, and 1974-81. For each birth cohort, the annual change in BMI increased compared to the previous, i.e., older, birth cohort. In addition, age-by-cohort interaction tests revealed that the increase in BMI by increasing age was higher in the younger birth cohorts (1966-1989) than in the older ones. Conclusions: Public health policies should target those age groups and birth cohorts with the highest increases in BMI. For example, younger birth cohorts had higher annual increases in BMI than older birth cohorts, which means that younger cohorts increased their BMI more than older ones during the study period.
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| 5. |
- Leijon, Matti, et al.
(författare)
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The longitudinal age and birth cohort trends of regular exercise among adults aged 16-63 years in Sweden: a 24-year follow-up study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Population Health Metrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1478-7954. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The aim of this study is to analyze longitudinally, based on four measurements at intervals of eight years, the annual effect of age group and birth cohort on regular exercise in the Swedish population from 1980-1981 to 2004-2005. Methods: We followed a randomly drawn subsample of individuals aged 16-63 years, interviewed by professional interviewers, from the Swedish Annual Level of Living Survey. We applied a mixed model with a random intercept and a random slope in order to analyze the annual effects. Results: The prevalence of regular exercise increased annually by 0.3 % among men and 0.7 % among women. For every one-unit increase in BMI, the odds of regular physical activity decreased by 6 % among men and 5 % among women. While the female birth cohorts all increased over time the male birth cohorts showed a different pattern, as only the three oldest birth cohorts (1926-1933, 1934-1941, 1942-1949) showed an increase in regular exercise. The three youngest birth cohorts (1958-1965, 1966-1973, 1974-1981) instead showed a decreased prevalence of regular exercise. There was an inverse relationship between regular exercise and age, although the differences between age groups tended to decrease over time. Differences related to educational level increased over time as the prevalence of exercise among those with higher educational attainment increased more than among those with lower educational attainment. The most dramatic relative increase in exercise over time (almost two-fold) was found among those who were obese or who reported a poor health status. Conclusions: The prevalence of regular exercise increased in all studied sub-groups. However, the increased difference related to education level is worrying. To reduce the risk for ill health in these groups, there is a need for targeted interventions.
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| 6. |
- Midlöv, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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The longitudinal age and birth cohort trends of smoking in Sweden: a 24-year follow-up study.
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1661-8564 .- 1661-8556. ; 59:2, s. 243-250
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to analyse longitudinally, the annual effects of age group and birth cohort on smoking in the Swedish population during a 24-year period and to analyse the smoking trends for different levels of education.
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| 7. |
- Midlöv, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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The longitudinal exercise trend among older Swedes aged 53-84 years - a 16-year follow-up study
- 2014
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Many older adults are physically inactive and inactivity increases with age. This knowledge comes from cross-sectional studies. Cross-sectional studies may miss important trajectories within the older adults as a result of retirements, and poor health impact of promotional efforts. The aim of this study was to analyse, longitudinally, the annual effects of age group and birth cohort on self-reported regular exercise in the Swedish population aged 53-84 years during a 16-year period, for each sex separately. Methods: A random sample of non-institutionalized persons was interviewed three times from 1988 to 2004 by professional interviewers. In addition to three time-related variables - year of interview, age at the time of the interview, and year of birth - we included the following explanatory variables in the analyses: educational level, body mass index, smoking, and self-reported health status. The data were analysed by a mixed model with a random intercept. Results: The total prevalence of self-reported regular exercise increased between 1988/ 89 and 2004/ 05 among both men and women, from 27.1 to 43.1% and from 21.1 to 41.1%, respectively. There was a mean annual change in all age-groups in exercise of between 0.76 and 1.24% among men and between 0.86 and 1.38% among women. Low prevalence of self-reported regular exercise was associated with low educational level, obesity, smoking, and poor self-reported health, although those with poor self-reported health the greatest increase of physical activity. Conclusions: There was a steady, albeit inadequate, increase in self-reported regular exercise in older adults between 1988 and 2004. Physical activity promotion in older adults should be of high priority for both primary and secondary prevention of diseases, especially among groups with known risk factors for low levels of exercise.
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| 8. |
- Midlöv, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Women's health in the Lund area (WHILA) - Alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality among women - a 17 year follow-up study.
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 16:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol consumption contributes to many negative health consequences and is a risk factor for death. Some previous studies however suggest a J-shaped relationship between the level of alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality. These findings have in part been suggested to be due to confounders. The aim of our study was to analyze the relationship between self-reported alcohol intake and all-cause mortality in women, adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle factors and diseases such as diabetes and previous ischemic heart disease.
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| 9. |
- Berg Skoog, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Can gender difference in prescription drug use be explained by gender-related morbidity?: a study on a Swedish population during 2006
- 2014
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2458. ; 14:329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: It has been reported that there is a difference in drug prescription between males and females. Even after adjustment for multi-morbidity, females tend to use more prescription drugs compared to males. In this study, we wanted to analyse whether the gender difference in drug treatment could be explained by gender-related morbidity. Methods: Data was collected on all individuals 20 years and older in the county of Ostergotland in Sweden. The Johns Hopkins ACG Case-Mix System was used to calculate individual level of multi-morbidity. A report from the Swedish National Institute of Public Health using the WHO term DALY was the basis for gender-related morbidity. Prescription drugs used to treat diseases that mainly affect females were excluded from the analyses. Results: The odds of having prescription drugs for males, compared to females, increased from 0.45 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-0.46) to 0.82 (95% CI 0.81-0.83) after exclusion of prescription drugs that are used to treat diseases that mainly affect females. Conclusion: Gender-related morbidity and the use of anti-conception drugs may explain a large part of the difference in prescription drug use between males and females but still there remains a difference between the genders at 18%. This implicates that it is of importance to take the gender-related morbidity into consideration, and to exclude anti-conception drugs, when performing studies regarding difference in drug use between the genders.
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| 10. |
- Berg Skoog, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Drugs prescribed by general practitioners according to age, gender and socioeconomic status after adjustment for multimorbidity level
- 2014
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Ingår i: BMC Family Practice. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2296. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Age, gender and socioeconomic status have been shown to be associated with the use of prescription drugs, even after adjustment for multimorbidity. General practitioners have a holistic and patient-centred perspective and our hypothesis is that this may reflect on the prescription of drugs. In Sweden the patient may seek secondary care without a letter of referral and the liability of the prescription of drugs accompanies the patient, which makes it suitable for this type of research. In this study we examine the odds of having prescription drug use in the population and the rates of prescription drugs among patients, issued in primary health care, according to age, gender and socioeconomic status after adjustment for multimorbidity level. Method: Data were collected on all individuals above 20 years of age in Ostergotland county with about 400 000 inhabitants in year 2006. The John Hopkins ACG Case-mix was used as a proxy for multimorbidity level. Odds ratio (OR) of having prescription drugs issued in primary health care in the population and rates of prescription drug use among patients in primary health care, stated as incidence rate ratio (IRR), according to age, gender and socioeconomic status were calculated and adjusted for multimorbidity. Results: After adjustment for multimorbidity, individuals 80 years or older had higher odds ratio (OR 3.37 (CI 95% 3.22-3.52)) and incidence rate ratio (IRR 6.24 (CI 95% 5.79-6.72)) for prescription drug use. Male individuals had a lower odds ratio of having prescription drugs (OR 0.66 (CI 95% 0.64-0.69)), but among patients males had a slightly higher incidence rate of drug use (IRR 1.06 (CI 95% 1.04-1.09)). Individuals with the highest income had the lowest odds ratio of having prescription drugs and individuals with the second lowest income had the highest odds ratio of having prescription drugs (OR 1.10 (CI 95% 1.07-1.13)). Individuals with the highest education had the lowest odds ratio of having prescription drugs (OR 0.61 (CI 95% 0.54-0.67)). Conclusion: Age, gender and socioeconomic status are associated with large differences in the use of prescribed drugs in primary health care, even after adjustment for multimorbidity level.
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