| 1. |
- Bennett, M, et al.
(författare)
-
Joint application of Doppler Lidar and differential absorption lidar to estimate the atomic mercury flux from a chlor-alkali plant
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 40:4, s. 664-673
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have combined differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurements of mercury concentrations downwind of a chloralkali plant (Rosignano Solvay) with measurements of wind profiles made with a Doppler Lidar based on modern fibreoptic technology. Since the flux of pollutant is equal to the cross-wind integral of the product of concentration and wind speed, this should permit us to make a more precise estimate of the fugitive emission of mercury from the plant than could be obtained by using anemometer measurements of the wind. The flux was estimated to be 54g Hgh(-1) using an anemometer on the plant building; 49g Hgh(-1) using an anemometer on a nearby 10m mast; and 48g Hgh(-1) using wind speed corrections estimated from the Doppler Lidar measurements. Because of difficulties with the range resolution of the Doppler Lidar, the precision of this estimate was not as good as it should have been, though the difference from the rooftop anemometer remains statistically significant. Corrections of this magnitude are irrelevant to the Rosignano plant, where the emission rate varies strongly with the meteorological conditions. Where a precise estimate of a steady flux is required, however, reliable measurements of the wind profile in the wake of the source are essential. Doppler Lidar provides a possible method for acquiring such measurements. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 2. |
- Edner, H, et al.
(författare)
-
Atmospheric Mercury Mapping In A Cinnabar Mining Area
- 1993
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - 1879-1026. ; 133:1-2, s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A mobile differential absorption lidar system was used in conjunction with point monitors to study the spatial and temporal distribution of atomic mercury in the atmosphere around an abandoned mercury mine at Abbadia S. Salvatore, Italy. The use of the remote sensing technique allows a fast coverage of large areas both horizontally and vertically with a good temporal resolution. Concentrations exceeding 1000 ng/m3 were measured close to the distillation plant and considerably elevated values also were evident above deposits of roasted cinnabar. Vertical gradients of the mercury concentration in air were established. These showed a very pronounced decrease a few centimeters above the ground.
|
|
| 3. |
- Edner, H, et al.
(författare)
-
Differential Absorption Lidar Mapping of Atmospheric Atomic Mercury In Italian Geothermal Fields
- 1992
-
Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 2156-2202. ; 97:D4, s. 3779-3786
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Results from extensive lidar measurements on atmospheric atomic mercury in Italian geothermal fields are reported. A mobile differential absorption lidar system operating on the 254-nm mercury resonance line with a measuring range of about 1 km was used in mineralized as well as nonmineralized areas. Measurements were performed at geothermal power stations and in an unexploited field with natural surface geothermic manifestations. Atomic mercury concentrations ranging from 2 to 1000 ng/m3 were mapped. The high Italian geothermal mercury concentrations are in strong contrast to the recent lidar finding of the absence of atomic mercury in Icelandic geothermal fields.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Ferrara, R, et al.
(författare)
-
Atmospheric mercury concentrations and fluxes in the Almaden District (Spain)
- 1998
-
Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310. ; 32:22, s. 3897-3904
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atmospheric mercury levels around the world's largest mining and refining complex (Almaden, Spain) were determined during two field campaigns (September 1993 and February 1994) using both point monitors and lidar techniques. High mercury concentrations (0.1-5 mu g m(-3)) were measured over the village of Almaden in the prevailing wind direction. In the month of September the total mercury flux into the atmosphere was estimated to range from 600 to 1200 g h(-1). An attempt was made to measure the contribution from individual mercury sources. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 6. |
- Ferrara, R, et al.
(författare)
-
Atmospheric Mercury Emission At Solfatara Volcano (Pozzuoli, Phlegraean Fields, Italy)
- 1994
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1298 .- 0045-6535. ; 29:7, s. 1421-1428
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mercury concentrations in air and in condensed steam coming from fumarolic activity at the Solfatara crater (Phlegraean Fields - Italy) were determined. In the condensed steam, mercury was found mainly associated as Hg-S complexes and showed a flux in the range from 0.9 to 4.5 g day(-1). Using the point monitor technique, high values (up to 690 ng m(-3)) of atmospheric mercury levels were observed only close to the main exhaling areas, while background levels (2 ng m(-3)) were measured over the crater area using the lidar technique. An upper limit (<2.4 g day(-1)) for the flux of elemental mercury in air was estimated with the lidar. This remote sensing technique also allowed to assess an upper limit for the SO2 flux (<24 kg day (-1)).
|
|
| 7. |
- Ferrara, R, et al.
(författare)
-
Atmospheric mercury sources in the Mt. Amiata area, Italy
- 1998
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - 1879-1026. ; 213:1-3, s. 13-23
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mt. Amiata, located in southern Tuscany (Italy), is part of the geologic anomaly of the Mediterranean basin, which contains about 65% of the world's cinnabar (HgS) deposits. Atmospheric mercury emissions from the main sources (geothermal power plants, abandoned mine structures and spoil banks of roasted cinnabar ore) were determined by flux chamber and by LIDAR remote sensing. Mercury emissions from five geothermal power plants were on the order of 24 g h(-1) for each plant, a value that remains constant throughout the year. In the month of July, the mine spoils (covering an area of similar to 200000 m(2)) emit a few grams of mercury per hour, while the abandoned mine structures give off 100-110 g h(-1). These two mercury sources were strongly influenced by ambient temperature. The area affected by mercury sources displays an average air mercury concentration of 20 ng m(-3) during the summer and 10 ng m(-3) in winter. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
|
|
| 8. |
- Ferrara, R, et al.
(författare)
-
Mercury degassing rate from mineralized areas in the Mediterranean basin
- 1997
-
Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - 1573-2932. ; 93:1-4, s. 59-66
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge of the natural emissions of mercury in the Mediterranean basin, which has large cinnabar anomalies, has particular weight as these deposits could be an important source of atmospheric mercury. Data on the degassing rate of mercury from soils sampled both in mineralized areas (Mt. Amiata, Italy and Almaden, Spain) and rural areas are reported. Measurements were carried out 'in situ' using a transparent flux chamber and collecting the gaseous mercury on gold collectors. The highest values were observed in Almaden over the roasted cinnabar banks (up to 100 mu g/m(2)h) from past and present mining activity. In Italian rural areas the values of the volatilization rate of mercury are on the order of few ng/m(2)h. The degassing rate was observed to be strongly dependent on the ambient temperature and not only seasonal but also daily variations were measured in all the studied areas.
|
|
| 9. |
- Ferrara, R, et al.
(författare)
-
Mercury Emissions Into the Atmosphere From A Chlor-alkali Complex Measured With the Lidar Technique
- 1992
-
Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment Part A-general Topics. - 0004-6981. ; 26:7, s. 1253-1258
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data are reported on atmospheric mercury flux measured by a lidar system at a chlor-alkali plant located in central Italy. Two mercury sources were identified over the electrolytic cell rooms. A flux value of 36 g h-1 was determined during the daytime while at night the value increase to 56 g h-1. The mercury emitted into the atmosphere was found to be 4 g per 1000 kg of chlorine produced. Atmospheric mercury concentrations were supplemented with some determinations made with the point monitor technique.
|
|
| 10. |
- Ferrara, R, et al.
(författare)
-
Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric Mercury Concentration
- 1992
-
Ingår i: Environmental Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1479-487X .- 0959-3330. ; 13:11, s. 1061-1068
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vertical profiles of atmospheric mercury concentration determined with a lidar and point monitor systems in the mineralized region of Mt. Amiata (Italy) are reported. Measurements were performed over a large flat area, without arboreal and herbaceous vegetation, constituting a roasted cinnabar deposit which still contains about two parts per thousand of mercury. The determinations carried out with the two techniques yielded comparable results for the working conditions used. Data demonstrate the presence of a vertical gradient of atmospheric mercury concentration, which is particularly large in the layers of air nearest the soil. The highest values (45-1000 ng m-3) were measured a few centimeters from the soil, while background values (2-3 ng m-3) were reached at heights of 10-20 m. The vertical gradient proved to be strongly dependent on ambient temperature.
|
|
