| 1. |
- Zamora, Juan Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa
- 2018
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Ingår i: IMA Fungus. - : INT MYCOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 2210-6340 .- 2210-6359. ; 9:1, s. 167-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
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| 2. |
- Iversen, Lars Lönnsman, et al.
(författare)
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Sexual conflict and intrasexual polymorphism promote assortative mating and halt population differentiation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 286, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sexual conflict is thought to be an important evolutionary force in drivingphenotypic diversification, population divergence, and speciation. However,empirical evidence is inconsistent with the generality that sexual conflictenhances population divergence. Here, we demonstrate an alternativeevolutionary outcome in which sexual conflict plays a conservative role inmaintaining male and female polymorphisms locally, rather than promotingpopulation divergence. In diving beetles, female polymorphisms haveevolved in response to male mating harassment and sexual conflict. We presentthe first empirical evidence that this female polymorphism is associatedwith (i) two distinct and sympatric male morphological mating clusters(morphs) and (ii) assortative mating between male and female morphs.Changes in mating traits in one sex led to a predictable change in the othersex which leads to predictable within-population evolutionary dynamics inmale and female morph frequencies. Our results reveal that sexual conflictcan lead to assortative mating between male offence and female defencetraits, if a stable male and female mating polymorphisms are maintained.Stable male and female mating polymorphisms are an alternative outcometo an accelerating coevolutionary arms race driven by sexual conflict. Suchstable polymorphisms challenge the common view of sexual conflict as anengine of rapid speciation via exaggerated coevolution between sexes.
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| 3. |
- Karlsson, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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The interplay between local ecology, divergent selection and genetic drift in population divergence of a sexually antagonistic female trait
- 2014
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Ingår i: Evolution. - : Wiley. - 0014-3820 .- 1558-5646. ; 68:7, s. 1934-1946
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genetically polymorphic species offer the possibility to study maintenance of genetic variation and the potential role for genetic drift in population divergence. Indirect inference of the selection regimes operating on polymorphic traits can be achieved by comparing population divergence in neutral genetic markers with population divergence in trait frequencies. Such an approach could further be combined with ecological data to better understand agents of selection. Here, we infer the selective regimes acting on a polymorphic mating trait in an insect group; the dorsal structures (either rough or smooth) of female diving beetles. Our recent work suggests that the rough structures have a sexually antagonistic function in reducing male mating attempts. For two species (Dytiscus lapponicus andGraphoderus zonatus), we could not reject genetic drift as an explanation for population divergence in morph frequencies, whereas for the third (Hygrotus impressopunctatus) we found that divergent selection pulls morph frequencies apart across populations. Furthermore, population morph frequencies in H. impressopunctatus were significantly related to local bioclimatic factors, providing an additional line of evidence for local adaptation in this species. These data, therefore, suggest that local ecological factors and sexual conflict interact over larger spatial scales to shape population divergence in the polymorphism.
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