| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Algaba, Juan-Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
- 2021
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2041-8213 .- 2041-8205. ; 911:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M o˙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87's spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded.
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| 3. |
- Chai, Jiali, et al.
(författare)
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Insights on Titanium-based chalcogenides TiX2 (X = O, S, Se) as LIBs/SIBs anode materials
- 2023
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-8947 .- 1873-3212. ; 453
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ti-based chalcogenides TiX2 (X = O, S, Se) are widely used in the research of battery electrode materials due to its excellent rate performance and good chemical stability. In this paper, in order to improve the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium ion batteries (SIBs), and further improve the application prospect of batteries, the strategies for design and preparation of LIBs/SIBs anode materials for Ti-based chalcogenides TiX2 (X = O, S, Se) are reviewed. The effects of the internal morphology modification, surface structure vacancy and composite with other material of TiX2 (X = O, S, Se) as LIBs/SIBs anode materials are analyzed in detail. On this basis, the application prospect of TiX2 (X = O, S, Se) as LIBs/SIBs anode is prospected, it is expected to fill the research of diversified applications of LIBs/SIBs anode materials.
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| 4. |
- Gardner, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Gender and telomere length : Systematic review and meta-analysis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Experimental Gerontology. - : Elsevier. - 0531-5565 .- 1873-6815. ; 51, s. 15-27
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: It is widely believed that females have longer telomeres than males, although results from studies have been contradictory. Methods: We carried out a systematic review and meta-analyses to test the hypothesis that in humans, females have longer telomeres than males and that this association becomes stronger with increasing age. Searches were conducted in EMBASE and MEDLINE (by November 2009) and additional datasets were obtained from study investigators. Eligible observational studies measured telomeres for both females and males of any age, had a minimum sample size of 100 and included participants not part of a diseased group. We calculated summary estimates using random-effects meta-analyses. Heterogeneity between studies was investigated using sub-group analysis and meta-regression. Results: Meta-analyses from 36 cohorts (36,230 participants) showed that on average females had longer telomeres than males (standardised difference in telomere length between females and males 0.090, 95% CI 0.015, 0.166; age-adjusted). There was little evidence that these associations varied by age group (p = 1.00) or cell type (p = 0.29). However, the size of this difference did vary by measurement methods, with only Southern blot but neither real-time PCR nor Flow-FISH showing a significant difference. This difference was not associated with random measurement error. Conclusions: Telomere length is longer in females thanmales, although this difference was not universally found in studies that did not use Southern blot methods. Further research on explanations for the methodological differences is required. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc.
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| 5. |
- Huang, Hongyun, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical Cell Therapy Guidelines for Neurorestoration (IANR/CANR 2017)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cell Transplantation. - : SAGE Publications. - 0963-6897 .- 1555-3892. ; 27:2, s. 310-324
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell therapy has been shown to be a key clinical therapeutic option for central nervous system diseases or damage. Standardization of clinical cell therapy procedures is an important task for professional associations devoted to cell therapy. The Chinese Branch of the International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) completed the first set of guidelines governing the clinical application of neurorestoration in 2011. The IANR and the Chinese Association of Neurorestoratology (CANR) collaborated to propose the current version "Clinical Cell Therapy Guidelines for Neurorestoration (IANR/CANR 2017)". The IANR council board members and CANR committee members approved this proposal on September 1, 2016, and recommend it to clinical practitioners of cellular therapy. These guidelines include items of cell type nomenclature, cell quality control, minimal suggested cell doses, patient-informed consent, indications for undergoing cell therapy, contraindications for undergoing cell therapy, documentation of procedure and therapy, safety evaluation, efficacy evaluation, policy of repeated treatments, do not charge patients for unproven therapies, basic principles of cell therapy, and publishing responsibility.
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| 6. |
- Muylaert, Isabella, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Replication and Recombination of Herpes Simplex Virus DNA
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258. ; 286:18
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Replication of Herpes simplex virus takes place in the cell nucleus and is carried out by a replisome composed of viral proteins: the UL30/42 DNA polymerase, the UL5,8,52 helicase-primase and the UL29 single-strand DNA binding protein ICP8. The replisome is loaded on origins of replication by an initiator protein OBP/UL9. Virus replication is intimately coupled to recombination and repair, often performed by cellular proteins. Here we review significant new developments: the three-dimensional structures for the DNA polymerase, the polymerase accessory factor and the single-strand DNA binding protein, the reconstitution of a functional replisome in vitro, the elucidation of the mechanism for activation of origins of DNA replication, the identification of cellular proteins actively involved in or responding to viral DNA replication and, finally, the elucidation of requirements for formation of replication foci in the nucleus and effects on protein localization.
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| 7. |
- Nyström, Kristina, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Ribavirin: Pharmacology, multiple modes of action and possible future perspectives
- 2019
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Ingår i: Future Virology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0794 .- 1746-0808. ; 14, s. 153-160
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019 2019 Martin Lagging. Ribavirin is a unique guanosine analog with broad-spectrum activity against many RNA and DNA viruses. In addition to its mutational properties, ribavirin exerts extensive perturbation of cellular and viral gene expression. Furthermore, recent advances indicate that the impact of ribavirin on divergent cellular and viral pathways may be concentration dependent. This review aims at providing an overview of the pharmacology and multiple modes of action of ribavirin as well as pointing to possible novel future uses.
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| 8. |
- Wei, Shuoguo, et al.
(författare)
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Core (product) Acquisition Management for remanufacturing : a review
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Remanufacturing. - : Springer. - 2210-4690. ; :4
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Core acquisition is essential for the success of remanufacturing business. To describe the current status of the quantitative research in Core Acquisition Management and to indicate possible future research directions, a literature review is conducted in this paper about the quantitative modeling in Core Acquisition Management research area. The activities included in Core Acquisition Management are categorized into topics such as acquisition control, forecasting return, return strategies, quality classification and reverse channel design. While most of the studies focus on acquisition control, studies on return strategies and return forecast are relatively limited. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the research papers according to the key assumptions such as, hybrid/non-hybrid remanufacturing systems, acquisition functions, quality classification methods and perfect/imperfect substitutions. In conclusion, studies based on the assumptions of non-hybrid remanufacturing systems and imperfect substitution should gain more attentions, since these situations frequently occur in practice but are less investigated in the existing literature. In addition, empirical validation of the various forms of the acquisition function (relations between acquisition incentives and acquisition volume) should be important for further investigations.
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