| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(author)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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In: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(author)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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In: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 3. |
- Carlsson, Axel C., et al.
(author)
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Blood pressure measures and their predictive ability of cardiovascular mortality : a 26-year follow-up
- 2013
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In: Blood Pressure Monitoring. - 1359-5237 .- 1473-5725. ; 18:2, s. 72-77
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective(s) Our aim was to calculate the predictability of different blood pressure measures for cardiovascular mortality in a cohort of both men and women. We also aimed to determine whether clinically applicable cut-off levels for cardiovascular mortality risk of these measures work well. Materials and methods A healthcare need investigation from the 1970s was used. Participants aged 46-65 were included, n=788 (390 men and 398 women). The following blood pressure measures were studied: systolic, diastolic, mean, mid, and pulse pressure. The participants were followed for 26 years with respect to cardiovascular mortality through the Swedish Cause-of-Death Register. Isolated diastolic hypertension failed to show significant associations with cardiovascular mortality. Results Combined systolic and diastolic hypertension showed twice as high cardiovascular mortality in men and women compared with those with normal blood pressure. Mid arterial blood pressure showed increased significant hazard ratios for all three grades of hypertension in men and for grades 2 and 3 in women with good predictability (area under the curve=0.72 and 0.80, respectively). Conclusions Mid arterial blood pressure is strongly associated with cardiovascular mortality. Additional studies in larger populations and with a wider age range comparing mid arterial blood pressure with clinically useful cut-offs of other blood pressure measures are required to corroborate our findings.
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| 4. |
- Elleby, Charlotta, et al.
(author)
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Long term association of hip fractures by questions of physical health in a cohort of men and women
- 2023
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In: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 18:3 MARCH
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We do not know if fracture predicting factors are constant throughout life, if they can be assessed earlier in life, and for how long. The aim was to study the association between questions about health status and mobility and fragility fractures in a cohort during a 35-year follow-up. A cohort of 16,536 men and women in two age groups, 26–45 and 46–65 years old, who answered five questions of their physical health status in postal surveys in 1969–1970. We obtained data on hip fractures from 1970 to the end of 2016. We found most significant results when restricting the follow-up to age 60–85 years, 35 for the younger age group and 20 years for the older. Men of both age groups considered “at risk” according to their answers had a 2.69 (CI 1.85–3.90)– 3.30 (CI 1.51–7.23) increased risk of having a hip fracture during a follow-up. Women in the younger age group had a 2.69 (CI 1.85–3.90) increased risk, but there was no elevated risk for women in the older age group. This study shows that questions/index of physical health status may be associated with hip fractures that occur many years later in life, and that there is a time span when the predictive value of the questions can be used, before other, age-related, factors dominate. Our interpretation of the results is that we are studying the most vulnerable, who have hip fractures relatively early in life, and that hip fractures are so common among older women that the questions in the survey lose their predictive value.
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| 5. |
- Journath, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Sex differences in risk factor control off treated hypertensives : a national primary healthcare-based study in Sweden
- 2008
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In: European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation. - 1741-8267 .- 1741-8275. ; 15:3, s. 258-262
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background To evaluate potential sex differences, this study aimed to investigate blood pressure and lipid control and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in treated hypertensive (tHT) patients from primary healthcare. Design and methods This cross-sectional survey of tHT patients was carried out between 2002 and 2005 by 264 primary care physicians from Sweden who consecutively recruited 6537 tHT patients (48% men and 52% women) from medical records. Results tHT men more often reached the treatment goal for systolic/diastolic blood pressure, less than 140/90 mmHg, than tHT women (30 vs. 26%, P < 0.01). Men had lower systolic blood pressure than women, however, women had lower diastolic blood pressure and higher pulse pressure. More tHT women had total cholesterol >= 5.0 mmol/l than corresponding men (75 vs. 64% P < 0.001). Men more often had diabetes (25 vs. 20% P < 0.001), left ventricular hypertrophy (20 vs. 16% P < 0.001), and microalbuminuria (24 vs. 16% P < 0.001). Women were more often treated with diuretics (64 vs. 48%) and P-receptor blockers, (54 vs. 51%), and men more often treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (27 vs. 18%), calcium channel blockers (34 vs. 26%), and lipid-lowering drugs (34 vs. 29%). Conclusion A need still exists for more intensified treatment of elevated blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia, especially in women. In hypertensives of both sexes, smoking and other risk factors also need to be addressed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Taloyan, Marina, et al.
(author)
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Poor physical function, relationship problems and alcohol use are predictors of increased overall mortality in Swedish cancer patients : 27-years follow-up study in Stockholm County
- 2018
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In: JOURNAL OF CANCER POLICY. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-5383. ; 16, s. 52-56
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: To study the mortality rates among cancer patients and whether these differences are associated with history of poor physical health and socio-economic situation.Method: The relation between overall mortality and 30 questions of life-style and health was investigated in all subjects (n = 3197) who received a diagnosis of cancer (ICD-7 140-209) between 1969 and 1996 from the Rebus-cohort created in 1969 (n = 32186).Results: The overall mortality was increased in both men and women who received a cancer diagnose if they had reported problems with physical function at the beginning of the study. Men who received a cancer diagnose also had higher mortality due to cancer if they had relationship problems (HR = 1.23, 1.02-1.48), and alcohol use problem (HR = 1.35, 1.04-1.74) at baseline. Women who received cancer also had higher risk to die in cardiovascular diseases if they had reported physical function problem (HR = 1.97, 1.25-3.12) at the beginning of the study.Conclusions: Poor physical function is a predictor of increased mortality among subjects with diagnosis of cancer.
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| 9. |
- Theobald, Holger
(author)
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Effects of alcohol consumption on health and mortality
- 2001
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- During the last 25 years, alcohol consumption has become a widely debated issue, especially due to research results, in which the beneficial effects of alcohol on health and mortality have been maintained. Research has primarily focused on two issues: the association between low consumption of alcohol and decreased mortality, mediated through decreased risks for cardiovascular diseases, and the association between wine consumption and health. This thesis deals with both of these issues, as well as the identification of high and low consumers of alcohol, by means of a questionnaire and a health examination. The differential effects of high and low alcohol consumption, as well as the differential effects of diverse alcohol beverages are investigated, using data from National Cause of Death Register, National In-Patient Register and National Cancer Register. Multivariate analysis has been conducted to investigate the effects of alcohol and the influence of confounders. The plausibility of tracing high and low consumers of alcohol, through the use of two questions about alcohol consumption included in a questionnaire has also been investigated. The effects of a single health examination, seen in relation to morbidity and mortality, traced in the proceeding 22-year period have also be studied. Among the results for 32,185 individuals the discrepancies found between men and women with high and low alcohol consumption are notable. An increased risk ratio was found for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among men with high alcohol consumption, while for men with low alcohol consumption an increased risk ratio for mortality was found, but no increased risk ratio for morbidity. For women with low alcohol consumption, an increased risk ratio for morbidity and mortality was found. Such an association was not found for women with high alcohol consumption. Moreover, mortality was investigated among 1,828 individuals in relation to the amount and type of alcoholic beverage consumed. Those who consumed wine had a reduced total and cardiovascular mortality, compared to non-drinkers and those who consumed beer or liquor. Risk reduction seems to be confined to those consumers of wine, whose intake was less than 140 grams of alcohol per week and who consumed wine only once a week. Furthermore, ex-drinkers were found to have an increased total and cardiovascular mortality. Self-reported health status was also investigated among 14,950 individuals, as it relates to the amount and type of alcoholic beverage consumed. Those individuals who consumed wine had better self-reported health status than individuals who consumed other types of beverages. Adjustments for confounders, such as smoking, exercise and different psychosocial factors, did not change the results. The conclusions are drawn that individuals, who formerly have had high consumption of alcohol, but who have reduced their consumption, due to illness, are included in the group classified at the time of the study as low consumers, may serve as an explanation for the findings with low consumers. It is unclear as to which mechanisms are responsible for the observed differences between men and women as regards high alcohol consumption. Moderate consumption of wine has beneficial effects on self-reported health status, when compared to consumption of beer and liquor, and is associated with 50% reduction of risk for cardiovascular mortality. The beneficial effects of wine may be explained by the health promotional ingredients in wine and/or lifestyle factors, associated with wine consumption. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of the ingredients in wine and life style factors on health and mortality. Although identification of high and low consumers, by means of the inclusion of two questions in a questionnaire, was shown to be effective, the results of health screening proved to be less positive. These studies nevertheless indicate that other measures, such as health screening for specific risk groups, might prove to be effective, as regards disease prevention.
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