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- Bergmann, B., et al.
(author)
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Memory B Cells in Mouse Models
- 2013
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0300-9475. ; 78:2, s. 149-156
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One of the principles behind vaccination, as shown by Edward Jenner in 1796, and host protection is immunological memory, and one of the cells central to this is the antigen-experienced memory B cell that responds rapidly upon re-exposure to the initiating antigen. Classically, memory B cells have been defined as progenies of germinal centre (GC) B cells expressing isotype-switched and substantially mutated B cell receptors (BCRs), that is, membrane-bound antibodies. However, it has become apparent over the last decade that this is not the only pathway to B cell memory. Here, we will discuss memory B cells in mice, as defined by (1) cell surface markers; (2) multiple layers; (3) formation in a T cell-dependent and either GC-dependent or GC-independent manner; (4) formation in a T cell-independent fashion. Lastly, we will touch upon memory B cells in; (5) mouse models of autoimmune diseases.
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- Kristjansson, S., et al.
(author)
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U-EPX levels and wheezing in infants and young children with and without RSV bronchiolitis
- 2006
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In: Respir Med. - : Elsevier BV. - 0954-6111 .- 1532-3064. ; 100:5, s. 878-83
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An association between severe infant bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and subsequent wheezing is well documented. High levels of urinary eosinophil protein X (U-EPX) have been related to active disease in asthmatic children. The aim of this study was to analyse whether RSV bronchiolitis leads to an increase in U-EPX levels and whether wheezing is more common in children with high U-EPX values. Seventeen infants requiring in-ward care for verified RSV lower respiratory tract infection were followed and compared with age-matched controls. A reference group without a history of RSV bronchiolitis was also included. At inclusion at mean age 3.3 months and at follow-up at mean age 32.9 months, U-EPX levels were comparable in the RSV group. However, at follow-up at mean age 6.4 months, the RSV group had significantly increased levels of U-EPX compared with inclusion (median 167.8; range 46.2-470.7 vs. 122.8; 43.7-266.0 microg/mmol creatinine; P=0.023) and also significantly increased compared with the 6-month-old controls (167.8 vs. 93.0; 19.0-204.0 microg/mmol creatinine; P=0.0095). RSV infected subjects that experienced wheezing had significantly higher U-EPX values both at inclusion and at age 32.9 months than those who did not. Also, in the reference group (mean age 18.4 months), the children who had wheezed during the preceding year had higher U-EPX levels than those who had not wheezed. In conclusion, RSV bronchiolitis severe enough to require in-ward care produces a significant, but transient increase in U-EPX. Furthermore, a high U-EPX at baseline appears to be associated with an increased risk of future wheezing.
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- Thorarinsdottir, K. A., et al.
(author)
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Finding order in disorder : Magnetic coupling distributions and competing anisotropies in an amorphous metal alloy
- 2022
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In: APL Materials. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 2166-532X. ; 10:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Amorphous metals have unusual magnetic properties that arise due to the disordered atomic arrangement. We show that Co-x(Al70Zr30)(100-x) (65 < x < 92 at.%) amorphous alloys have a distribution in the local magnetic coupling and ordering temperature, which can be explained by nanoscale composition variations. We use competing anisotropies induced by the substrate and an applied field during growth to probe the Co concentration distribution. Only regions with high enough Co concentration develop a magnetic anisotropy along the magnetic field during growth, whereas regions of low Co concentration have an anisotropy dictated by the substrate. A Gaussian distribution in the Co concentration of width 5.1 at.% is obtained from the variation in anisotropy. The results demonstrate the importance of composition variations for emergent magnetic properties and have far reaching implications for the properties of disordered materials in general.
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- Tranberg, A, et al.
(author)
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Proton pump inhibitor medication is associated with colonisation of gut flora in the oropharynx
- 2018
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In: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-5172. ; 62:6, s. 791-800
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The normal body exists in mutualistic balance with a large range of microbiota. The primary goal of this study was to establish whether there is an imbalance in the oropharyngeal flora early after hospital or ICU admittance, and whether flora differs between control, ward and critically ill patients. The secondary goal was to explore whether there are patient characteristics that can be associated with a disturbed oropharyngeal flora.METHODS: Oropharyngeal cultures were obtained from three different study groups: (1) controls from the community, (2) ward patients and (3) critically ill patients, the two latter within 24 h after admittance.RESULTS: Cultures were obtained from 487 individuals: 77 controls, 193 ward patients and 217 critically ill patients. Abnormal pharyngeal flora was more frequent in critically ill and ward patients compared with controls (62.2% and 10.4% vs. 1.3%, P < 0.001 and P = 0.010, respectively). Colonisation of gut flora in the oropharynx was more frequent in critically ill patients compared with ward patients or controls (26.3% vs. 4.7% and 1.3%, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Proton pump inhibitor medication was the strongest independent factor associated with the presence of gut flora in the oropharynx in both ward and critically ill patients (P = 0.030 and P = 0.044, respectively).CONCLUSION: This study indicates that abnormal oropharyngeal flora is an early and frequent event in hospitalised patients and more so in the critically ill, compared to controls. Proton pump inhibitor medication is associated with colonisation of gut flora in the oropharynx.
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