| 1. |
- Radun, Igor, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Driver fatigue and the law from the perspective of police officers and prosecutors
- 2013
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 18, s. 159-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Even though police officers and prosecutors play a key role in traffic law application, little is known about their experiences, attitudes, and opinions regarding the complex issue of driver fatigue and the law. This paper is based on an extensive online survey collected from traffic (N = 129) and local (N = 100) police officers and prosecutors (N = 96) in the context of Finnish traffic law, which forbids driving while fatigued in an article relating to a driver's fitness to drive. While encountering fatigued drivers is very common for police officers, only a small proportion has received training about how to recognize and deal with fatigued drivers. Driving while extremely fatigued is considered rather or extremely negligent behavior by almost all respondents. Although agreement between these three groups exists regarding several issues, they disagree about whether the current law is specific enough, and whether experts might be valuable in court when discussing the possible contribution of fatigue to the cause of a crash. We discuss the application of the law and opinions about the current law formulation, experience and education, as well as general awareness and attitudes, taking into consideration the different nature of police and prosecutor work.
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| 2. |
- Bellone, Mauro, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Electrification and Automation in Maritime Applications: Employing AI Techniques for Energy Optimization and Efficiency
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE Electrification Magazine. - 2325-5889 .- 2325-5897. ; 7:4, s. 22-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The region of Västra Götaland is an area in Western Sweden that has nearly 1.6 million inhabitants. In recent years, the number of trips made by the public transportation system has increased considerably, and everything indicates that it will continue to rise substantially in the coming years. Today, the region faces challenges in managing this expected increase in demand. A description of how public transportation is developing in Västra Götaland is given in the Transport Provision Program; it estimates that the number of journeys made by public transportation will double, a goal that is sought at both the national and local levels. The number of public transportation journeys made in the country would then be roughly 400 million by 2025. In response to this, capacity is expected to increase by 70% and the travel time is projected to decrease by 20-25%. Along with these developments, efforts are being made to transition to a more environmentally friendly means of transportation through the use of alternative fuels, electrification, and an increased level of automated systems (with the additional objective of reducing the number of accidents).
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| 3. |
- Hallvig, D., et al.
(författare)
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Sleepy driving on the real road and in the simulator - A comparison
- 2013
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 50, s. 44-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sleepiness has been identified as one of the most important factors contributing to road crashes. However, almost all work on the detailed changes in behavior and physiology leading up to sleep related crashes has been carried out in driving simulators. It is not clear, however, to what extent simulator results can be generalized to real driving. This study compared real driving with driving in a high fidelity, moving base, driving simulator with respect to driving performance, sleep related physiology (using electroencephalography and electrooculography) and subjective sleepiness during night and day driving for 10 participants. The real road was emulated in the simulator. The results show that the simulator was associated with higher levels of subjective and physiological sleepiness than real driving. However, both for real and simulated driving, the response to night driving appears to be rather similar for subjective sleepiness and sleep physiology. Lateral variability was more responsive to night driving in the simulator, while real driving at night involved a movement to the left in the lane and a reduction of speed, both of which effects were absent in the simulator. It was concluded that the relative validity of simulators is acceptable for many variables, but that in absolute terms simulators cause higher sleepiness levels than real driving. Thus, generalizations from simulators to real driving must be made with great caution.
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| 4. |
- Wahde, Mattias, 1969
(författare)
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Pattern sets for financial prediction: A follow-up
- 2018
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Ingår i: Studies in Computational Intelligence. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1860-9503 .- 1860-949X. ; 751, s. 1-14
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As a follow-up to an earlier investigation, a true forward test has been carried out by applying a previously developed financial predictor (in the form of a so called pattern set, optimized using an evolutionary algorithm) to a new data set, involving data for 200 stocks and covering a time period from February 2016 to the end of that year. Despite being applied to previously unseen data, the pattern set generated a set of trades with an average one-day return of 0.394%. Moreover, the pattern set’s total trading return (excluding transaction costs) over the entire period covered by the new data, when applied as a trading strategy with a simple m–day holding period for each trade, was 15.9% for m = 1, 24.9% for m = 3, and 61.6% for m = 6, compared to 16.2% for the benchmark index (S & P 500) over the same period.
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| 5. |
- Radun, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Self-reported circumstances and consequences of driving while sleepy
- 2015
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 32, s. 91-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Driver surveys are indispensable sources of information when estimating the role of sleepiness in crash causation. The purpose of the study was to (1) identify the prevalence of driving while sleepy among Finnish drivers, (2) determine the circumstances of such instances, and (3) identify risk factors and risk groups. Survey data were collected from a representative sample of active Finnish drivers (N = 1121). One-fifth of the drivers (19.5%) reported having fallen asleep at the wheel during their driving career, with 15.9% reporting having been close to falling asleep or having difficulty staying awake when driving during the previous twelve months. Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were found to be associated with both types of sleepiness-related driving instances, while sleep quality was associated only with the latter. Compared to women, men more often reported falling asleep at the wheel; the differences were somewhat smaller with respect to fighting sleep while driving during the previous twelve months. The reported discrepancy in sleepiness-related instances (high prevalence of fighting sleep while driving during the previous twelve months and lower proportion of actually falling asleep) identifies young men (⩜25 years) as one of the main target groups for safety campaigns. Approximately three-quarters of drivers who had fallen asleep while driving reported taking action against falling asleep before it actually happened. Furthermore, almost all drivers who had fallen asleep while driving offered at least one logical reason that could have contributed to their falling asleep. These data indicate some degree of awareness about driving while sleepy and of the potential pre-trip factors that could lead to sleepiness while driving, and supports the notion that falling asleep at the wheel does not come as a (complete) surprise to the driver.
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| 6. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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A Review of Near-Collision Driver Behavior Models
- 2012
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Ingår i: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 54:6, s. 1117-1143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This article provides a review of recent models of driver behavior in on-road collision situations.Background: In efforts to improve traffic safety, computer simulation of accident situations holds promise as a valuable tool, for both academia and industry. However, to ensure the validity of simulations, models are needed that accurately capture near-crash driver behavior, as observed in real traffic or driving experiments.Method: Scientific articles were identified by a systematic approach, including extensive database searches. Criteria for inclusion were defined and applied, including the requirement that models should have been previously applied to simulate on-road collision avoidance behavior. Several selected models were implemented and tested in selected scenarios.Results: The reviewed articles were grouped according to a rough taxonomy based on main emphasis, namely avoidance by braking, avoidance by steering, avoidance by a combination of braking and steering, effects of driver states and characteristics on avoidance, and simulation platforms.Conclusion: A large number of near-collision driver behavior models have been proposed. Validation using human driving data has often been limited, but exceptions exist. The research field appears fragmented, but simulation-based comparison indicates that there may be more similarity between models than what is apparent from the model equations. Further comparison of models is recommended.Application: This review provides traffic safety researchers with an overview of the field of driver models for collision situations. Specifically, researchers aiming to develop simulations of on-road collision accident situations can use this review to find suitable starting points for their work.
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| 7. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of experience and electronic stability control on low friction collision avoidance in a truck driving simulator
- 2013
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 50, s. 1266-1277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments were carried out in a moving-base simulator, in which truck drivers of varying experience levels encountered a rear-end collision scenario on a low-friction road surface, with and without an electronic stability control (ESC) system. In the first experiment, the drivers experienced one instance of the rear-end scenario unexpectedly, and then several instances of a version of the scenario adapted for repeated collision avoidance. In the second experiment, the unexpected rear-end scenario concluded a stretch of driving otherwise unrelated to the study presented here. Across both experiments, novice drivers were found to collide more often than experienced drivers in the unexpected scenario. This result was found to be attributable mainly to longer steering reaction times of the novice drivers, possibly caused by lower expectancy for steering avoidance. The paradigm for repeated collision avoidance was able to reproduce the type of steering avoidance situation for which critical losses of control were observed in the unexpected scenario and, here, ESC was found to reliably reduce skidding and control loss. However, it remains unclear to what extent the results regarding ESC benefits in repeated avoidance are generalisable to unexpected situations. The approach of collecting data by appending one unexpected scenario to the end of an otherwise unrelated experiment was found useful, albeit with some caveats.
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| 8. |
- Radun, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Sleepy drivers on a slippery road : A pilot study using a driving simulator
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Sleep Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869. ; 31:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sleepy drivers have problems with keeping the vehicle within the lines, and might often need to apply a sudden or hard corrective steering wheel movement. Such movements, if they occur while driving on a slippery road, might increase the risk of ending off road due to the unforgiving nature of slippery roads. We tested this hypothesis. Twelve young men participated in a driving simulator experiment with two counterbalanced conditions; dry versus slippery road x day (alert) versus night (sleepy) driving. The participants drove 52.5 km on a monotonous two-lane highway and rated their sleepiness seven times using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. Blink durations were extracted from an electrooculogram. The standard deviation of lateral position and the smoothness of steering events were measures of driving performance. Each outcome variable was analysed with mixed-effect models with road condition, time-of-day and time-on-task as predictors. The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale increased with time-on-task (p < 0.001) and was higher during night drives (p < 0.001), with a three-way interaction suggesting a small increased sleepiness with driving time at night with slippery road conditions (p = 0.012). Blink durations increased with time-on-task (p < 0.01) with an interaction between time-of-day and road condition (p = 0.040) such that physiological sleepiness was lower for sleep-deprived participants in demanding road conditions. The standard deviation of lateral position increased with time-on-task (p = 0.026); however, during night driving it was lower on a slippery road (p = 0.025). The results indicate that driving in demanding road condition (i.e. slippery road) might further exhaust already sleepy drivers, although this is not clearly reflected in driving performance.
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| 9. |
- Torabi, Sina, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Energy minimization for an electric bus using a genetic algorithm
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and methods: This paper addresses, in simulation, energy minimization of an autonomous electric minibus operating in an urban environment. Two different case studies have been considered, each involving a total of 10 different 2?km bus routes and two different average speeds. In the proposed method, the minibus follows an optimized speed profile, generated using a genetic algorithm. Results: In the first case study the vehicle was able to reduce its energy consumption by around 7 to 12% relative to a baseline case in which it maintains a constant speed between stops, with short acceleration and deceleration phases. In the second case study, involving mass variation (passengers entering and alighting) it was demonstrated that the number of round trips that can be completed on a single battery charge is increased by around 10% using the proposed method.
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| 10. |
- Wahde, Mattias, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Conversational agents: Theory and applications
- 2022
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Ingår i: Handbook On Computer Learning And Intelligence. ; 1-2, s. 497-544
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this chapter, we provide a review of conversational agents (CAs), discussing chatbots, intended for casual conversation with a user, as well as task-oriented agents that generally engage in discussions intended to reach one or several specific goals, often (but not always) within a specific domain. We also consider the concept of embodied conversational agents, briefly reviewing aspects such as character animation and speech processing. The many different approaches to representing dialogue in CAs are discussed in some detail, along with methods for evaluating such agents, emphasizing the important topics of accountability and interpretability. A brief historical overview is given, followed by an extensive overview of various applications, especially in the fields of health and education. We end the chapter by discussing the benefits and potential risks regarding the societal impact of current and future CA technology.
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