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- Benderius, Ola, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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A simulation environment for analysis and optimization of driver models
- 2011
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783642217982 ; 6777, s. 453-462
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simulation environment for evaluation and optimization of driver models is introduced and described. The simulation environment features models of vehicles and drivers, as well as a representation of the traffic environment (roads, buildings etc.). In addition, an optimization framework based on stochastic optimization algorithms has been implemented as an integral part of the simulation environment. Given observed (time series) data of driver behavior and, possibly, vehicle dynamics, the optimization framework can be used for inferring driver model parameters. The simulation environment has been evaluated in two scenarios, one involving emergency braking and one involving a double lane change.
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| 2. |
- Benderius, Ola, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Driver behaviour in unexpected critical events and in repeated exposures – a comparison
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 6:1, s. 51-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThis paper aims to determine how truck driver steering behaviour seen in repeated exposures to acritical event correlates to the behaviour resulting from an unexpected exposure to the same event.MethodsTest subjects were exposed to an unexpected critical event in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Next, a slightly modified version of the scenario was repeated several times for each subject. The driver behaviour was then analysed using standard statistical tests.ResultsIt was found that, in general, drivers keep most of their steering behaviour characteristics between test settings (unexpected and repeated). This is particularly interesting sincea similar kind of behaviour preservation is generally not found in the case of braking behaviour. In fact, onlyone significant difference was found between the two test settings, namely regarding time-to-collision at steering initiation.ConclusionsIn experiments involving both an unexpected event and several repeated events one can,at least in some cases, design the repeated event such that behavioural data collected from that setting can beused along with data from the unexpected setting. Using this procedure, one can significantly increase the amount of collected data, something that can strongly benefit, for example, driver modelling.
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| 3. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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A Review of Near-Collision Driver Behavior Models
- 2012
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Ingår i: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 54:6, s. 1117-1143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This article provides a review of recent models of driver behavior in on-road collision situations.Background: In efforts to improve traffic safety, computer simulation of accident situations holds promise as a valuable tool, for both academia and industry. However, to ensure the validity of simulations, models are needed that accurately capture near-crash driver behavior, as observed in real traffic or driving experiments.Method: Scientific articles were identified by a systematic approach, including extensive database searches. Criteria for inclusion were defined and applied, including the requirement that models should have been previously applied to simulate on-road collision avoidance behavior. Several selected models were implemented and tested in selected scenarios.Results: The reviewed articles were grouped according to a rough taxonomy based on main emphasis, namely avoidance by braking, avoidance by steering, avoidance by a combination of braking and steering, effects of driver states and characteristics on avoidance, and simulation platforms.Conclusion: A large number of near-collision driver behavior models have been proposed. Validation using human driving data has often been limited, but exceptions exist. The research field appears fragmented, but simulation-based comparison indicates that there may be more similarity between models than what is apparent from the model equations. Further comparison of models is recommended.Application: This review provides traffic safety researchers with an overview of the field of driver models for collision situations. Specifically, researchers aiming to develop simulations of on-road collision accident situations can use this review to find suitable starting points for their work.
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| 4. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing and validating models of driver steering behaviour in collision avoidance and vehicle stabilisation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Vehicle System Dynamics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5159 .- 0042-3114. ; 52:12, s. 1658-1680
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of driver models were fitted to a large data set of human truck driving, from a simulated near-crash, low-friction scenario, yielding two main insights: steering to avoid a collision was best described as an open-loop manoeuvre of predetermined duration, but with situation-adapted amplitude, and subsequent vehicle stabilisation could to a large extent be accounted for by a simple yaw rate nulling control law. These two phenomena, which could be hypothesised to generalise to passenger car driving, were found to determine the ability of four driver models adopted from the literature to fit the human data. Based on the obtained results, it is argued that the concept of internal vehicle models may be less valuable when modelling driver behaviour in non-routine situations such as near-crashes, where behaviour may be better described as direct responses to salient perceptual cues. Some methodological issues in comparing and validating driver models are also discussed.
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| 5. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of experience and electronic stability control on low friction collision avoidance in a truck driving simulator
- 2013
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 50, s. 1266-1277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments were carried out in a moving-base simulator, in which truck drivers of varying experience levels encountered a rear-end collision scenario on a low-friction road surface, with and without an electronic stability control (ESC) system. In the first experiment, the drivers experienced one instance of the rear-end scenario unexpectedly, and then several instances of a version of the scenario adapted for repeated collision avoidance. In the second experiment, the unexpected rear-end scenario concluded a stretch of driving otherwise unrelated to the study presented here. Across both experiments, novice drivers were found to collide more often than experienced drivers in the unexpected scenario. This result was found to be attributable mainly to longer steering reaction times of the novice drivers, possibly caused by lower expectancy for steering avoidance. The paradigm for repeated collision avoidance was able to reproduce the type of steering avoidance situation for which critical losses of control were observed in the unexpected scenario and, here, ESC was found to reliably reduce skidding and control loss. However, it remains unclear to what extent the results regarding ESC benefits in repeated avoidance are generalisable to unexpected situations. The approach of collecting data by appending one unexpected scenario to the end of an otherwise unrelated experiment was found useful, albeit with some caveats.
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