| 1. |
- Laue, Cameron, et al.
(författare)
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Eye Gaze Patterns Associated with Aggressive Tendencies in Adolescence
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychiatric quarterly. - : Springer. - 0033-2720 .- 1573-6709. ; 89:3, s. 747-756
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social information processing theory hypothesizes that aggressive children pay more attention to cues of hostility and threat in others’ behavior, consequently leading to over-interpretation of others’ behavior as hostile. While there is abundant evidence of aggressive children demonstrating hostile attribution biases, less well documented is whether such biases stem from over-attendance and hypersensitivity to hostile cues in social situations. Over-attendance to hostile cues would be typified by deviations at any stage of the multi-stage process of social information processing models. While deviations at later stages in social information processing models are associated with aggressive behavior in children, the initial step of encoding has historically been difficult to empirically measure, being a low level automatic process unsuitable for self-report. We employed eye-tracking methodologies to better understand the visual encoding of such social information. Eye movements of ten 13–18 year-old children referred from clinical and non-clinical populations were recorded in real time while the children viewed scenarios varying between hostile, non-hostile and ambiguous social provocation. In addition, the children completed a brief measure of risk of aggression. Aggressive children did attend more to the social scenarios with hostile cues, in particular attending longest to those hostile scenarios where the actor in the scenario had a congruent emotional response. These findings corroborate social information processing theory and the traditional bottom-up processing hypotheses that aggressive behavior relates to increased attention to hostile cues.
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| 2. |
- Hall, C. Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Accommodation Consumers and Providers' Attitudes, Behaviours and Practices for Sustainability : A Systematic Review
- 2016
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 8:7
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accommodation and lodging are an integral component of the tourism and hospitality industry. Given the sectors' growing contribution to resource consumption and waste, there is a growing body of literature on the attitudes, behaviours and practices of consumers, managers, staff and owners of lodging with respect to sustainability. This paper presents the results of a systematic analysis of articles on attitudes, behaviours and practices of consumers and the provision of accommodation with respect to sustainability. The results indicate that there is a dearth of longitudinal studies on the sustainability of practices and behaviours. There are limitations in geographical coverage as well as methods, with research dominated by convenience sampling approaches. It is concluded that while there appear to be improvements in the potential sustainability of lodging with respect to technological approaches, the lack of systematic long-term studies on behavioural interventions represents a significant challenge to reducing the absolute emissions of the sector as well as reductions in energy and water use and waste production. Given the lack of longitudinal studies, it is not known whether observed behavioural changes are sustained over time.
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| 3. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Heritability of Overconfidence
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of the European Economic Association. - : Oxford University Press (OUP): Policy B - Oxford Open Option D / Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press (MIT Press) / Oxford University Press (OUP): Policy F. - 1542-4766. ; 7:2-3, s. 617-627
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Empirical evidence suggests that people on average overestimate their own ability in a variety of circumstances. Little is known, however, about the origins of such overconfidence. To shed some light on this issue, we use the classic twin design to estimate the genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in overconfidence. We collect data on overconfidence among 460 twin pairs. Overconfidence is measured as the difference between the perceived and actual rank in cognitive ability. Cognitive ability is measured using a 20-minute test of general intelligence. We find a highly significant joint effect of genes and common environment, but our estimates of the relative contributions of genetic and common environmental variation are less precise. According to our point estimates, genetic differences explain 16–34% of the variation in overconfidence depending on the definition of overconfidence used and common environmental differences explain 5–11%. ; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification
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| 4. |
- Price, Rebecca B., et al.
(författare)
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Pooled patient-level meta-analysis of children and adults completing a computer-based anxiety intervention targeting attentional bias
- 2016
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Ingår i: Clinical Psychology Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7358 .- 1873-7811. ; 50, s. 37-49
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Computer-based approaches, such as Attention Bias Modification (ABM), could help improve access to care for anxiety. Study-level meta-analyses of ABM have produced conflicting findings and leave critical questions unresolved regarding ABM's mechanisms of action and clinical potential. We pooled patient-level datasets from randomized controlled trials of children and adults with high-anxiety. Attentional bias (AB) towards threat, the target mechanism of ABM, was tested as an outcome and a mechanistic mediator and moderator of anxiety reduction. Diagnostic remission and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) were clinical outcomes available in enough studies to enable pooling. Per-patient data were obtained on at least one outcome from 13/16 eligible studies [86% of eligible participants; n = 778]. Significant main effects of ABM on diagnostic remission (ABM—22.6%, control—10.8%; OR = 2.57; p = 0.006) and AB (β* (95%CI) = − 0.63 (− 0.83, − 0.42); p < 0.00005) were observed. There was no main effect of ABM on LSAS. However, moderator analyses suggested ABM was effective for patients who were younger (≤ 37 y), trained in the lab, and/or assessed by clinicians. Under the same conditions where ABM was effective, mechanistic links between AB and anxiety reduction were supported. Under these specific circumstances, ABM reduces anxiety and acts through its target mechanism, supporting ABM's theoretical basis while simultaneously suggesting clinical indications and refinements to improve its currently limited clinical potential.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Cesarini, David, et al.
(författare)
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Heritability of ultimatum game responder behavior
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 104:40, s. 15631-15634
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental evidence suggests that many people are willing to deviate from materially maximizing strategies to punish unfair behavior. Even though little is known about the origins of such fairness preferences, it has been suggested that they have deep evolutionary roots and that they are crucial for maintaining and understanding cooperation among non-kin. Here we report the results of an ultimatum game, played for real monetary stakes, using twins recruited from the population-based Swedish Twin Registry as our subject pool. Employing standard structural equation modeling techniques, we estimate that >40% of the variation in subjects' rejection behavior is explained by additive genetic effects. Our estimates also suggest a very modest role for common environment as a source of phenotypic variation. Based on these findings, we argue that any attempt to explain observed ultimatum bargaining game behavior that ignores this genetic influence is incomplete.
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| 7. |
- Dawes, Christopher T., et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Game Theory and Behavior Genetics
- 2009
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Ingår i: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. - : Wiley. - 0077-8923. ; , s. 66-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We summarize the findings from a research program studying the heritability of behavior in a number of widely used economic games, including trust, dictator, and ultimatum games. Results from the standard behavior genetic variance decomposition suggest that strategies and fundamental economic preference parameters are moderately heritable, with estimates ranging from 18 to 42%. In addition, we also report new evidence on so-called "hyperfair" preferences in the ultimatum game. We discuss the implications of our findings with special reference to current efforts that seek to understand the molecular genetic architecture of complex social behaviors.
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| 8. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic variation in preferences for giving and risk taking
- 2009
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Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of Economics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP): Policy E - Oxford Open Option D - RCUK. - 1531-4650 .- 0033-5533. ; 124:2, s. 809-842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we use the classical twin design to provide estimates of genetic and environmental influences on experimentally elicited preferences for risk and giving. Using standard methods from behavior genetics, we find strong prima facie evidence that these preferences are broadly heritable and our estimates suggest that genetic differences explain approximately twenty percent of individual variation. The results thus shed light on an important source of individual variation in preferences, a source that has hitherto been largely neglected in the economics literature.
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| 9. |
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