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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Kristan, Matej, et al.
(författare)
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The Sixth Visual Object Tracking VOT2018 Challenge Results
- 2019
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Ingår i: Computer Vision – ECCV 2018 Workshops. - Cham : Springer Publishing Company. - 9783030110086 - 9783030110093 ; , s. 3-53
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2018 is the sixth annual tracker benchmarking activity organized by the VOT initiative. Results of over eighty trackers are presented; many are state-of-the-art trackers published at major computer vision conferences or in journals in the recent years. The evaluation included the standard VOT and other popular methodologies for short-term tracking analysis and a “real-time” experiment simulating a situation where a tracker processes images as if provided by a continuously running sensor. A long-term tracking subchallenge has been introduced to the set of standard VOT sub-challenges. The new subchallenge focuses on long-term tracking properties, namely coping with target disappearance and reappearance. A new dataset has been compiled and a performance evaluation methodology that focuses on long-term tracking capabilities has been adopted. The VOT toolkit has been updated to support both standard short-term and the new long-term tracking subchallenges. Performance of the tested trackers typically by far exceeds standard baselines. The source code for most of the trackers is publicly available from the VOT page. The dataset, the evaluation kit and the results are publicly available at the challenge website (http://votchallenge.net).
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- Kristan, Matej, et al.
(författare)
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The Visual Object Tracking VOT2016 Challenge Results
- 2016
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Ingår i: COMPUTER VISION - ECCV 2016 WORKSHOPS, PT II. - Cham : SPRINGER INT PUBLISHING AG. - 9783319488813 - 9783319488806 ; , s. 777-823
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2016 aims at comparing short-term single-object visual trackers that do not apply pre-learned models of object appearance. Results of 70 trackers are presented, with a large number of trackers being published at major computer vision conferences and journals in the recent years. The number of tested state-of-the-art trackers makes the VOT 2016 the largest and most challenging benchmark on short-term tracking to date. For each participating tracker, a short description is provided in the Appendix. The VOT2016 goes beyond its predecessors by (i) introducing a new semi-automatic ground truth bounding box annotation methodology and (ii) extending the evaluation system with the no-reset experiment.
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| 7. |
- Liu, Fangcen, et al.
(författare)
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Biocompatible Nanoparticles as a Platform for Enhancing Antitumor Efficacy of Cisplatin-Tetradrine Combination
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nanoscale Research Letters. - : Springer. - 1931-7573 .- 1556-276X. ; 16:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combination therapy has been a standard strategy in the clinical tumor treatment. We have demonstrated that combination of Tetradrine (Tet) and Cisplatin (CDDP) presented a marked synergistic anticancer activity, but inevitable side effects limit their therapeutic concentration. Considering the different physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the two drugs, we loaded them into a nanovehicle together by the improved double emulsion method. The nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared from the mixture of poly(ethyleneglycol)-polycaprolactone (PEG-PCL) and polycarprolactone (HO-PCL), so CDDP and Tet can be located into the NPs simultaneously, resulting in low interfering effect and high stability. Images from fluorescence microscope revealed the cellular uptake of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents delivered by the NPs. In vitro studies on different tumor cell lines and tumor tissue revealed increased tumor inhibition and apoptosis rates. As to the in vivo studies, superior antitumor efficacy and reduced side effects were observed in the NPs group. Furthermore, (18)FDG-PET/CT imaging demonstrated that NPs reduced metabolic activities of tumors more prominently. Our results suggest that PEG-PCL block copolymeric NPs could be a promising carrier for combined chemotherapy with solid efficacy and minor side effects.
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| 8. |
- Yang, Rong, et al.
(författare)
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Oriented Quasi-2D Perovskites for High Performance Optoelectronic Devices
- 2018
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 30:51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quasi-2D layered organometal halide perovskites have recently emerged as promising candidates for solar cells, because of their intrinsic stability compared to 3D analogs. However, relatively low power conversion efficiency (PCE) limits the application of 2D layered perovskites in photovoltaics, due to large energy band gap, high exciton binding energy, and poor interlayer charge transport. Here, efficient and water-stable quasi-2D perovskite solar cells with a peak PCE of 18.20% by using 3-bromobenzylammonium iodide are demonstrated. The unencapsulated devices sustain over 82% of their initial efficiency after 2400 h under relative humidity of approximate to 40%, and show almost unchanged photovoltaic parameters after immersion into water for 60 s. The robust performance of perovskite solar cells results from the quasi-2D perovskite films with hydrophobic nature and a high degree of electronic order and high crystallinity, which consists of both ordered large-bandgap perovskites with the vertical growth in the bottom region and oriented small-bandgap components in the top region. Moreover, due to the suppressed nonradiative recombination, the unencapsulated photovoltaic devices can work well as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), exhibiting an external quantum efficiency of 3.85% and a long operational lifetime of approximate to 96 h at a high current density of 200 mA cm(-2) in air.
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- Yen, Ying-Tzu, et al.
(författare)
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Prominent Enhancement of Cisplatin Efficacy with Optimized Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)-Polycaprolactone Block Copolymeric Nanoparticles
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology. - : AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS. - 1550-7033 .- 1550-7041. ; 16:3, s. 335-343
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemotherapy has been one of the major standard treatments for a variety of cancers. cis-Dichlorodiamminoplatiunum(II) (cisplatin, CDDP), as one of the anticancer agents, demonstrated excellent efficacy against tumor and has been an indispensable component in chemotherapy, chemoradiation, chemo-molecular targeted therapy and chemo-immunotherapy. However, its therapeutic concentration was limited since its inevitable toxicity. Previously, we have constructed CDDP-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) with mixture of poly(ethyleneglycol)-polycaprolactone (PEG-PCL) and polycarprolactone (HO-PCL) by a facile method. The most optimal proportion of the two copolymers was selected through a series of physical, chemical, cytological and histological evaluations. In the present study, we explored the mechanisms of NPs and observed the in vivo antitumor effect after administrating CDDP-loaded PEG-PCL NPs. Positron emission tomography as well as computed tomography (PET/CT) were adopted for detecting tumoral metabolic activity. Images from fluorescence microscope revealed superior cellular uptake of CDDP-loaded NPs with rhodamine B aggregated intracellularly in cancer cells. Similar apoptotic rates between free CDDP group and CDDP-loaded NPs group was measured by flow cytometry. Tumor volumes and murine weights confirmed the superiority of CDDP-loaded NPs in therapeutic efficacy as compared with free CDDP. Blood tests showed milder side effects in CDDP-loaded nanoparticle group. PET/CT images illustrated less uptake intensity of FDG in mice received CDDP-loaded NPs than free CDDP. Our results suggest that PEG-PCL/PCL NPs could be a promising antitumor drug carrier for CDDP delivery with solid efficacy and minor side effects.
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| 10. |
- Chen, Haoran, et al.
(författare)
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Decoupling engineering of formamidinium-cesium perovskites for efficient photovoltaics
- 2022
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Ingår i: National Science Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 2095-5138 .- 2053-714X. ; 9:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sequential Cs incorporation strategy is developed to decouple crystallization of FACs perovskite with reduced electron-phonon coupling, resulting in highly stable FACs tri-iodide perovskite photovoltaics with record efficiency. Although pure formamidinium iodide perovskite (FAPbI(3)) possesses an optimal gap for photovoltaics, their poor phase stability limits the long-term operational stability of the devices. A promising approach to enhance their phase stability is to incorporate cesium into FAPbI(3). However, state-of-the-art formamidinium-cesium (FA-Cs) iodide perovskites demonstrate much worse efficiency compared with FAPbI(3), limited by the different crystallization dynamics of formamidinium and cesium, which result in poor composition homogeneity and high trap densities. We develop a novel strategy of crystallization decoupling processes of formamidinium and cesium via a sequential cesium incorporation approach. As such, we obtain highly reproducible, highly efficient and stable solar cells based on FA(1)(-)(x)Cs(x)PbI(3) (x = 0.05-0.16) films with uniform composition distribution in the nanoscale and low defect densities. We also revealed a new stabilization mechanism for Cs doping to stabilize FAPbI(3), i.e. the incorporation of Cs into FAPbI(3) significantly reduces the electron-phonon coupling strength to suppress ionic migration, thereby improving the stability of FA-Cs-based devices.
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