| 1. |
- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
-
Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
-
Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
|
|
| 2. |
- Bixby, H., et al.
(författare)
-
Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
|
|
| 3. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
-
Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Taddei, C, et al.
(författare)
-
Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 582:7810, s. 73-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Horning, A. M., et al.
(författare)
-
DNA Methylation Screening of Primary Prostate Tumors Identifies SRD5A2 and CYP11A1 as Candidate Markers for Assessing Risk of Biochemical Recurrence
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Prostate. - : Wiley. - 0270-4137 .- 1097-0045. ; 75:15, s. 1790-1801
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND. Altered DNA methylation in CpG islands of gene promoters has been implicated in prostate cancer (PCa) progression and can be used to predict disease outcome. In this study, we determine whether methylation changes of androgen biosynthesis pathway (ABP)-related genes in patients' plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can serve as prognostic markers for biochemical recurrence (BCR). METHODS. Methyl-binding domain capture sequencing (MBDCap-seq) was used to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in primary tumors of patients who subsequently developed BCR or not, respectively. Methylation pyrosequencing of candidate loci was validated in cfDNA samples of 86 PCa patients taken at and/or post-radical prostatectomy (RP) using univariate and multivariate prediction analyses. RESULTS. Putative DMRs in 13 of 30 ABP-related genes were found between tumors of BCR (n = 12) versus no evidence of disease (NED) (n = 15). In silico analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data confirmed increased DNA methylation of two loci-SRD5A2 and CYP11A1, which also correlated with their decreased expression, in tumors with subsequent BCR development. Their aberrant cfDNA methylation was also associated with detectable levels of PSA taken after patients' post-RP. Multivariate analysis of the change in cfDNA methylation at all of CpG sites measured along with patient's treatment history predicted if a patient will develop BCR with 77.5% overall accuracy. CONCLUSIONS. Overall, increased DNA methylation of SRD5A2 and CYP11A1 related to androgen biosynthesis functions may play a role in BCR after patients' RP. The correlation between aberrant cfDNA methylation and detectable PSA in post-RP further suggests their utility as predictive markers for PCa recurrence. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
|
|
| 9. |
- Wang, Jinjiang, et al.
(författare)
-
An EEMD and ICA-based Integrative Approach to Wind Turbine Gearbox Diagnosis
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 12, s. 133-138
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing demand on energy has accelerated research on improving the reliability of wind turbines. As a critical component in wind turbine drivetrains, the majority of gearbox failures have shown to initiate from bearing failures. The low signal-to-noise ratio and transient nature of bearing signals pose significant difficulty for bearing defect diagnosis at the incipient stage. For improved bearing diagnosis, this paper presents a new method that integrates ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) with independent component analysis (ICA) to effectively separate bearing and gear meshing signals, without requiring a priori information on rotating speeds or bandwidth. The method first decomposes sensor measurement into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) as pseudo multi-channel signals, by means of EEMD, to satisfy the requirement by ICA for redundant information. ICA is performed on the IMFs to separate defective bearing components from gear meshing signal. Enveloping spectrum analysis is then performed to identify bearing structural defects. Both numerical and experimental studies have demonstrated the merit of the developed new method in improving gearbox diagnosis.
|
|
| 10. |
- Mohammed, Abdullah, et al.
(författare)
-
Integrated Image Processing and Path Planning for Robotic Sketching
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 12, s. 199-204
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the beginning of the development of machine vision, researchers have realized its importance in the robotics field, as it provides a useful tool for both the environment detection and decision making during the automation process. At the same time, path planning for robots influences many in the robotics and automation field and it has remained active for both methodology research and system implementation. This research combines machine vision with robot path planning with an aim of programming-free robotic applications. Particularly as a proof of concept, a programming-free robotic sketching prototype is developed as a case study. Within the context, this paper consists of three parts. The first part covers the processing of a facial image taken by a webcam to identify the contours that represent the image; the second part converts these contours to paths for an industrial robot to follow; and the third part controls the robot adaptively for sketching including auto-generation of control codes and self-calibration. The developed prototype is a closed-loop system with networked camera and robot. Intelligent computation is applied to identify the contours of the image with minimum representation of points and with the correct sequence of points for each curve (path); the sequence of the output robot paths represents the near-optimal sequence to preserve the minimum travelling time for the robot. The robot control module can also retrieve the TCP of the robot for off-site monitoring. The ultimate goal of this research is future applications of robot path following, e.g. ad-hoc robotic cutting or welding where the paths can be specified by hand-drawings of an operator on the target workpiece with zero programming for the operator.
|
|
