| 1. |
- Kroupa, A., et al.
(författare)
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Lead-Free Soldering : Environmentally Friendly Electronics
- 2015
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Ingår i: Green and Sustainable Manufacturing of Advanced Materials. - : Elsevier. - 9780124114975 ; , s. 101-134
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The substitution of lead in the electronics industry is one of the key issues in the current drive toward ecological manufacturing. This chapter is aimed at giving an overview of requirements, current situation, problems, and possible development of lead-free soldering and other environmentally friendly joining technologies. It starts with the overview of existing EU regulations and directives. The current situation in the lead-free soldering field is mapped here and a review of the literature, including a patent search, reveals systems and technologies that are at the focus of research effort. New approaches that employ the use of theoretical modeling in the development of new materials is briefly discussed in this chapter.The final part shows the difficulties that the industry faces when implementing new materials into production. The task of this part is to summarize the likely impacts of the phasing out of lead-containing solders for industry, especially small- and medium-sized enterprises.
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| 2. |
- Van Dijk, H. A. J., et al.
(författare)
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Cost Effective CO2 Reduction in the Iron & Steel Industry by Means of the SEWGS Technology : STEPWISE Project
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; , s. 6256-6265
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the STEPWISE project, the Sorption Enhanced Water-Gas Shift (SEWGS) technology for CO2 capture is brought to TRL6 by means of design, construction, operation and modelling a pilot installation in the Iron and Steel industry using Blast Furnace Gas (BFG). This advanced CO2 removal technology makes use of regenerative solid adsorbents. The STEPWISE project represents the essential demonstration step within the research, development and demonstration trajectory of the SEWGS technology. This project will further reduce the risks associated with scaling up the process.
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| 3. |
- Watson, C.A., et al.
(författare)
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A review of farm-scale nutrient budgets for organic farms as a tool for management of soil fertility
- 2002
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Ingår i: Soil use and management. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 18:SUPPL., s. 264-273
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On organic farms, where the importation of materials to build/maintain soil fertility is restricted, it is important that a balance between inputs and outputs of nutrients is achieved to ensure both short-term productivity and long-term sustainability. This paper considers different approaches to nutrient budgeting on organic farms and evaluates the sources of bias in the measurements and/or estimates of the nutrient inputs and outputs. The paper collates 88 nutrient budgets compiled at the farm scale in nine temperate countries. All the nitrogen (N) budgets showed an N surplus (average 83.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The efficiency of N use, defined as outputs/inputs, was highest (0.9) and lowest (0.2) in arable and beef systems respectively. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) budgets showed both surpluses and deficits (average 3.6 kg P ha-1 yr-1, 14.2 kg K ha-1 yr-1) with horticultural systems showing large surpluses resulting from purchased manure. The estimation of N fixation and quantities of nutrients in purchased manures may introduce significant errors in nutrient budgets. Overall, the data illustrate the diversity of management systems in place on organic farms, and suggest that used together with soil analysis, nutrient budgets are a useful tool for improving the long-term sustainability of organic systems.
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