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| 2. |
- Daskal, E., et al.
(författare)
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Taming the Internet Trolls With an Internet Ombudsperson: Ethical Social Media Regulation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Policy and Internet. - : Wiley. - 1944-2866. ; 12:2, s. 207-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social media platforms have a powerful role as one of the main gatekeepers of the online sphere, alongside search engines and Internet service providers. Yet, given the variety of regulatory mechanisms, technological tools, and nonlegal ethical guidelines employed in regulating content on social media platforms, we argue that there is a need today for a consistent unified formal online content regulation structure. To address this issue, a number of European countries have suggested an old-new policy instrument-the Internet ombudsperson. This article, therefore, develops the concept, firstly by framing it as part of the evolution of the institution of the media ombudsperson. We then describe the theoretical and conceptual framework of Internet ombudsperson and propose future implementations including a traditional national (mainly offline) model as well as an international blockchain model. We conclude by discussing the merits and drawbacks of our proposal as well as its possible theoretical implications.
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| 3. |
- Kuiken, A., et al.
(författare)
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Attitudinal commitment in firms' de-internationalization processes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Multinational Business Review. - : Emerald. - 1525-383X. ; 28:4, s. 567-588
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose This paper aims to examine the de-internationalization process to determine how different forms of attitudinal commitment influence the de-internationalization process. Design/methodology/approach Because of the exploratory nature of the study, a case study design is used. Two cases of Swedish companies, which de-internationalize from the French market, are studied. Findings Different commitment profiles influence the de-internationalization process. In particular, a general commitment profile, in which affective, normative, instrumental and continuance commitment play a role, influences the timing of de-internationalization, while the effort directed toward the execution of de-internationalization is mainly influenced by normative commitment and the extent of de-internationalization mainly by instrumental commitment. Research limitations/implications By offering three propositions regarding the four types of commitment and the effects of these commitment types on the process of de-internationalization, the authors contribute to the literature on de-internationalization and the commitment literature. Practical implications The findings suggest that there is a risk that managers continue to commit resources to a market for a longer period without clear benefits because of affective and continuance commitment. As local employees persist in committing to the local market because of continuance commitment, offering viable alternatives reduces commitment to the foreign operations. Originality/value Distinguishing between different types of commitment, the paper builds on a more fine-grained typology of commitment than previous internationalization literature. Thereby, the paper opens up for new insights in the de-internationalization process.
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| 4. |
- Kuiken, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Time to say “Au Revoir” – on commitment in Firms’ de-internationalization processes
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A myriad of reasons for de-internationalization have been identified in the current literature, but how firms de-internationalize has been studied only sporadically. Building on two cases of medium-sized firms, this paper explores how different types of attitudinal commitment relate to the de-internationalization process. In particular we explore how four types of attitudinal commitment, namely, affective, continuance, instrumental, and normative commitment, influence behavioral commitment in terms of how firms de-internationalize. The findings suggest that different commitment profiles influence the timing of deinternationalization, the effort directed toward the execution of deinternationalization, and the extent of de-internationalization. This paper contributes to the under-researched phenomenon of de-internationalization and the commitment literature by offering three propositions regarding the four types of commitment and the effects of these commitment types on the process of de-internationalization.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Wentrup, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Closing the Digital Entrepreneurship Gap the Case of Returnee Entrepreneurs in Morocco
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies. - : SAGE Publications. - 2393-9575 .- 2394-9945. ; 6:1, s. 140-162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the growing rates of Internet penetration and inflows of returnee entrepreneurs (REs) from Silicon Valley, there are still few examples of successful digital entrepreneurship ventures from emerging markets reaching international markets. Positioning itself at the intersection of returnee entrepreneurship, digital entrepreneurship and internationalization, this article is based on the case studies of the REs starting up digital ventures in Morocco. The results show that Moroccan digital entrepreneurship is driven by well-educated REs with working experience from the United States and Europe. These entrepreneurs play a dominant role in fostering the local digital entrepreneurship scene, and they have an international ambition in their ventures from the outset. The dominance of the REs also reveals vulnerability in the local digital ecosystem—reluctance of the indigenous business community to engage in the digital sector and a lack of domestic investors, programmers and start-up clusters. However, Moroccan digital start-ups struggle with the fierce competition among the global Internet firms, which benefit from an underdeveloped policy framework. This article contributes new insights to the complexity of the returnee and digital entrepreneurship and demonstrates the pivotal role of Moroccan REs in the country’s trajectory towards closing the extant digital entrepreneurship gap vis-à-vis developed markets.
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| 7. |
- Wentrup, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Crossing the Digital Desert in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Policy Matter?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Policy & Internet. - : Wiley. - 1944-2866. ; 8:3, s. 248-269
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The last decade has seen a rapid growth of Internet access across Africa, although it has not been evenly distributed. It is therefore important for policymakers to ask how policy can bridge this inequality of Internet access. This article addresses the dearth of research assessing the interplay between policy and Internet penetration by identifying Internet penetration-related policy variables and institutional constructs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on a literature review and data availability, four variables are suggested: (i) free flow of information; (ii) market concentration; (iii) the activity level of the Universal Service Fund (USF); and (iv) total tax on computer equipment. The results show that only the activity level of the USF and low total tax on computer equipment are significantly positively related to Internet penetration in Sub-Saharan Africa. Free flow of information and market concentration do not show any impact on Internet penetration. The latter could be attributed to underdeveloped competition in most Sub-Saharan countries. We recommend that policymakers promote the policy instrument of Universal Service and USF and consider substituting tax on computer equipment with other tax revenues, and not to blindly trust the market’s invisible hand to fix inequality in Internet diffusion.
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| 8. |
- Wentrup, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Digital oases and digital deserts in Sub-Saharan Africa
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Science & Technology Policy Management. - 2053-4620. ; 7:1, s. 77-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – This paper aims to investigate whether Sub-Saharan African countries are catching up with the rest of the world in terms of online usage. Online service usage is an important component of the discourse of the “digital divide”, an emblematic term for the inequality of information and communication technology access. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a quantitative analysis of internet and Facebook penetration coupled with economic strength (GDP/capita), literacy and degree of rural population. Findings – The findings reveal a heterogeneous pattern with a few African countries being digital oases and close to European levels, whereas the majority of the countries are still digital deserts. A strong correlation is found between economic strength and internet penetration. A generalist picture that Sub-Saharan is on the trajectory of closing the digital divide is an imprecise reflection of the reality. Research limitations/implications – It is argued that instead of measuring supply-side data, which has been the trend till now, the use of demand-side elements such as online service usage tells more about digital inequalities between countries. Practical implications – The research encourages internet firms to open up their eyes for Sub-Saharan Africa as an investment opportunity with an untapped gap of online usage. Social implications – The three-billion internet users on the planet are unevenly spread and under-represented in Africa. By drawing a heterogeneous online usage landscape, digital policy can be accurately steered toward countries with the largest needs. Originality/value – There is a paucity of research going into the depth of online usage in Africa. The paper is a contribution to fill that gap.
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| 9. |
- Wentrup, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Digital oases in a digital desert – The heterogeneous spread of online service usage in Sub-Saharan Africa
- 2015
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Ingår i: Association of American Geographers. April 21-25 2015. Chicago, US..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The usage of online services is accelerating rapidly in contemporary society. Today there are more than 2.9 billion internet users on our planet. Unfortunately, the users are not evenly spread, and underrepresented on the African continent in particular. Although some African countries show impressive economic growth rates, as well as improving internet penetration, the gap to most geographical regions is still significant. But are we observing an increasing trend of internet penetration on the continent? By comparing the use of internet- and Facebook penetration with development indicators such as GDP per capita and literacy levels, this paper scrutinizes in a quantitative manner whether the use of internet services in Africa countries is catching up with the rest of the world or if the gap is widening. Online service usage is a central concept in the discourse of the 'digital divide' - an emblematic term for the inequality of information and communication technology access. Our findings suggest a heterogeneous pattern of the African internet usage. A few African countries are at European levels, whereas the majority countries show no signs of catching up. As expected, our paper confirms a strong correlation between GDP growth and internet penetration, but a surprisingly low correlation between internet penetration and Facebook penetration, particularly in the least developed African countries. The implications for policy makers and scholars is to avoid using uniform economic assumptions to all African states, but acknowledge instead a heterogeneous Africa, with different development pace and needs.
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| 10. |
- Wentrup, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Digitalisering och nya ekonomiska geografier
- 2016
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Ingår i: Gränsöverskridande: vänbok till Claes G. Alvstam [redaktörer: Linda Berg ...]. - Göteborg : University of Gothenburg. - 9789189608412 ; , s. 11-19
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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