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| 2. |
- Edlund, Johanna, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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BIDs i Sverige : Internationella erfarenheter av "Business Improvement Districts"
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Business Improvement Districts (BID) finns idag i olika former på flera internationella fastighetsmarknader. Ett BID omfattar ett väl avgränsat område i en stad inom vilket en hållbar samverkan mellan fastigheter, handel, boende och en kommun är formaliserad. Syftet är att utveckla områdets affärsmöjligheter eller områdets attraktivitet i en vidare bemärkelse. Med ett BID kan en kommun stärka marknadens effektivitet genom att begränsa incitamenten till ”snålskjutsbeteende” bland fastighetsägare, handlare eller andra aktörer. Ett BID reducerar därmed t.ex. behovet för fastighetsägare att ta över närliggande fastigheter i området för att möjliggöra förnyelse. Mångfalden på stadens fastighetsmarknad kan således bevaras. I denna rapport studeras internationella motiv, lagstiftning, positiva och negativa erfarenheter av BIDs. Här diskuteras även något hur BIDs skulle kunna utformas i Sverige. Inom nuvarande lagstiftning, PBL och Anläggningslagen, är det inte uppenbart möjligt att införa en sådan tidsbegränsad samverkan mellan flera fastigheter (varav några kan ha motsatt sig samverkan). Rapporten indikerar även vilka förändringar som kan krävas i svensk lagstiftning för att BID ska bli en möjlig policyåtgärd för kommuner i Sverige.
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| 3. |
- Edlund, Johanna, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Improvement Districts i Sverige? : internationella erfarenheter av ett verktyg för hållbar utveckling
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Business Improvement Districts (BID) finns idag i olika former på flera internationella fastighetsmarknader. Ett BID omfattar ett väl avgränsat område i en stad inom vilket en hållbar samverkan mellan fastigheter, handel, boende och en kommun är formaliserad. Syftet är att utveckla områdets affärsmöjligheter eller områdets attraktivitet i en vidare bemärkelse. Med ett BID kan en kommun stärka marknadens effektivitet genom att begränsa incitamenten till ”snålskjutsbeteende” bland fastighetsägare, handlare eller andra aktörer. Ett BID reducerar därmed t.ex. behovet för fastighetsägare att ta över närliggande fastigheter i området för att möjliggöra förnyelse. Mångfalden på stadens fastighetsmarknad kan således bevaras. Denna rapport är en utvidgad version av projektets första rapport ” BIDs i Sverige Internationella erfarenheter av ´Business Improvement Districts´” (Edlund & Westin, 2009). Här utvecklas främst de delar som handlar om internationella erfarenheter samt i viss mån även slutsatser och sammanfattande diskussioner. Detta har varit möjligt eftersom projektet genomförde en konferens med internationella forskare och praktiker hösten 2009. Rapporten kan därmed presentera fler analyser och diskussioner om BID. Bland annat diskuteras internationella motiv, lagstiftning, positiva och negativa erfarenheter av BID. Här diskuteras även något hur BID skulle kunna utformas i Sverige. Inom nuvarande lagstiftning, PBL och Anläggningslagen, är det inte uppenbart möjligt att införa en sådan tidsbegränsad samverkan mellan flera fastigheter (varav några kan ha motsatt sig samverkan). Rapporten indikerar även vilka förändringar som kan krävas i svensk lagstiftning för att BID ska bli en möjlig policyåtgärd för kommuner i Sverige.
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- Westin, Lars, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Joint facilities and the creation of social capital in the Swedish countryside
- 2011. - 1
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Ingår i: Social capital and development trends in rural areas. - Kyoto : MARG, Graduate School of Urban Management, Kyoto University, Japan. - 9784907830076 ; , s. 71-89
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we suggest that joint facilities are an important but often neglected part in the process of creating local social capital in the Swedish countryside. Generally, countryside households are property owners and thus also engaged in some management association for joint facilities. To some extent, the associations hence have a similar function as a very small municipality although with only one or a narrow set of tasks. The possibility to negotiate in case of conflicting interest is more limited, a fact that is often a source of "irritation" in the associations. Instead the social control of utilisation, the possibility for close interaction, and the simplicity in information sharing give the small unit an advantage compared with a municipality. In this respect, the associations has more resemblances to ordinary private self-managed clubs or cooperatives, even if membership is not personal but linked with entry and exit from a specific set of propety market.We observe that management of such facilities is a part of a learning process related to institutional culture, conflict resolution, and a common management for creation of built assets. The associations create and maintain tangible but equally important asset in the form of social capital. The associations for management of joint facilities may thus be part of of a policy for wealth creation and diversity in tjhe provision of local public andclub goods in the countryside.We also observe that when social capital in esrtimations of local growth is instrumentalised by memberships in choirs, sport associations, local folklore societies etc., it may be the case that membership in joint facilities, often an omitted variable, play an equally important role for the local growth through their role as arenas for collective action, learmning and conflict resolution.
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| 5. |
- Westin, Lars, Professor, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Joint Facilities, Improvement districts, Local clubs, and Commons: Towards a Taxonomy of Institutionalised Social Capital
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Capital and Development Trends in Rural Areas Vol. 7. - Kyoto : Kyoto University. - 9784907830083 ; , s. 11-23
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Associations for management of geographically extended joint assets (such as road networks, water systems, eco-systems, golf courts, harbours, common house properties, etc.) may both be seen as producers of club goods and institutionalised structures of social capital. In this paper we discuss classes of such organisations and their attributes. We also observe the uneven spatial distribution of a set of such associations in Sweden. In this respect we identify patterns of management cultures dependent on place, traditions, municipality size, and population density. For example, rural municipalities present a higher representation of joint facilities compared to urban areas. In order to allow for further examination and understanding of such differences we develop a taxonomy of organisations for joint management and their attributes. Key issues in our taxonomy are the character of the managed asset, length of commitment, level of voluntarism, involvement of the municipality, localisation, etc. Club theory and the well-known contributions by Nobel Laureates Ostrom and Williamson suggest that structures characterised by high transaction costs may not always offer market solutions for a set of actors. On the other hand, municipalities and other public bodies neither have the possibility to provide such a degree of variety that they may meet spatially individualised demand. Generally, this implies that municipalities favour mergers of small actors into larger organisations when goods are provided, a development not always advantageous for the supply within an individual locality. Given this, various -forms of joint asset management based on relations and partnerships with involvement of both private and public actors may offer a more effective and varied management and decision structure for resource allocation. Such institutional frameworks may reduce transaction costs and risk premiums, while possibilities for adaptive action still are secured. Hence, we here argue that a palette of instruments is called for in order to satisfy various needs for management of joint assets in a local property market. Due to our interest for joint management, the current organisations for joint management in the Swedish property market such as joint facilities, and Town Centre Management organisation are examined further. Besides acting as management organisations, they may also have key positions as instruments for creation of local social capital which in turn may enhance the possibility for local cooperation and development of a community. While we outline our taxonomy, we argue that those instruments may be viewed as local clubs. We also observe that "Business Improvement Districts" (BID) should be included in the taxonomy. This concept has so far not been introduced in Sweden. Internationally, BIDs have been used to encourage property owners to participate in the development of i.e. city centres. Previously, we have argued for an introduction of improvement districts in Sweden, here we also observe that this management concept may be transmitted into rural areas, where property owners need to cooperate but may lack appropriate institutional tools. In the absence of suitable institutions, close down of activities or failures in establishment of new enterprises are likely outcomes for both property developers and businesses. The paper is outlined as follows. In section two we give some preliminary theoretical considerations in relation to social capital, clubs, and local development. This gives some preliminaries to the taxonomy presented in section three. One attribute of our taxonomy is location. In section four we thus illustrate with Swedish data how the distribution of associations may vary over locations. Finally, we in section five conclude and summaries our presentation.
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