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- Gärdebo, Johan, 1986-
(författare)
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Environing Technology : Swedish Satellite Remote Sensing in the Making of Environment 1969–2001
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The state-owned Swedish Space Corporation established a satellite remote sensing infrastructure and defined uses for the technology both within and beyond Sweden during the latter part of the twentieth century. This thesis studies Swedish satellite remote sensing as an environing technology – a technology that environs, that produces environments and our perceptions of the environment. This perspective is important in historicising Sweden’s role in developing a technology that now is used both to manage environments on a global scale and to provide an understanding of what the environment is. It is also important to understand these environing activities as motivated by and related to other aims, for example Swedish non-alignment, development aid, and the export of expertise to new markets. I ask two questions. Firstly, how did Swedish satellite remote sensing activities contribute to the making of environment? Secondly, why did the Swedish satellite remote sensing experts conduct these activities?Studying environing technologies requires combining the theoretical understandings of history of technology and environmental history and treats technology and environment as outcomes of environing activities. Methodologically, the thesis studies written and oral sources to find activities related to satellite remote sensing that take part in sensing, writing about, or shaping environments. From these activities, new understandings of technology and environment emerge over time.The thesis is structured around five empirical chapters: 1) the institutionalisation of remote sensing as part of environmental diplomacy in Sweden, 1969–1978; 2) the establishment and expansion of a French-Swedish remote sensing infrastructure, showcased by sensing the Chernobyl meltdown in 1986; 3) the export of Swedish technoscientific expertise as a form of development aid, 1983–1994; 4) the promotion of satellites as a tool for sustainable development, 1987–1993; and 5) the establishment of an environmental data centre to monitor the European environment as part of managing the expansion of the European Union, 1991–1999.Swedish satellite remote sensing experts contributed to numerous international demonstrations that emphasised the technology as a tool for sustainable development of environments on a global scale. These activities beyond Sweden, often through transnational collaborations, were undertaken to establish satellite remote sensing within Sweden. The lack of a long-term strategy for the Swedish government’s space activities forced the technoscientific experts to find ad hoc uses for their technology, of which environmental applications were the most significant.
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| 2. |
- Wormbs, Nina, 1968-
(författare)
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Who loved Tele-X? Conflicts on Satellites in the Nordic Countries 1974-1989
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This historical dissertation describes and analyses thesatellite projects Nordsat and Tele-X. A guiding question ishow a large public project on new technology, marred withconflicts, is carried out. the actor-network method (Callon,Latour&Law) is used because it takes complexity anduncertainty into consideration, because it avoids a prioridivisions and distinctions, and because it usefully stresseshow the relation between content and context is continuallyformed and changed.Nordsat began as a cultural project, aiming partly atstrengthening Nordic identity by means of direct broadcastingtelevision. However, it met severe criticism for facilitatingthe flow of cheap foreign (read American) programmes and forcosting too much. As the Nordsat project was delayed by anumber of commissions, issued by the Nordic Council, theSwedish Space Corporation managed to launch a Swedishtelecom-satellite project–Tele-X, using mainlyindustrial-policy arguments. During the 1980s these twoSwedish/Nordic projects evolved in parallel and in conflict. Bythe end of the decade Nordsat died and Tele-X was launched.The study points to a number of areas in which large publictechnological projects can meet challenges and cause conflicts.the strong interpretive flexibility was characteristic for theprojects and played out in differing views among users andproducers of the satellites, for example between the NordicTelecom Administrations and the Swedish Space Corporation. thesevere conflicts were of great importance for the outcome andpoints to the power of emotional engagement in technologicalprojects.Key words:History of technology, history of ideas,media studies, direct broadcasting satellite, DBS, Tele-X,Nordsat, Nordic cooperation, technology policy, industrialpolicy, cultural imperialism, media imperialism, SwedishTelecom Administration, Swedish Space Corporation, Televerket,Rymdbolaget, 20thcentury.
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