| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(author)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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In: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(author)
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Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
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In: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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| 4. |
- Cai, H., et al.
(author)
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Model-Driven Development Patterns for Mobile Services in Cloud of Things
- 2018
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In: IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing. - : IEEE. - 2168-7161. ; 6:3, s. 771-784
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cloud of Things (CoT) is an integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing for intelligent and smart application especially in mobile environment. Model Driven Architecture (MDA) is used to develop Software as a Service (SaaS) so as to facilitate mobile application development by relieving developers from technical details. However, traditional service composition or mashup are somewhat unavailable due to complex relations and heterogeneous deployed environments. For the purpose of building cloud-enabled mobile applications in a configurable and adaptive way, Model-Driven Development Patterns based on semantic reasoning mechanism are provided towards CoT application development. Firstly, a meta-model covering both multi-view business elements and service components are provided for model transformation. Then, based on formal representation of models, three patterns from different tiers of Model-View-Controller (MVC) framework are used to transform business models into service component system so as to configure cloud services rapidly. Lastly, a related software platform is also provided for verification. The result shows that the platform is applicable for rapid system development by means of various service integration patterns.
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| 5. |
- Eichhorn, S. J., et al.
(author)
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Current international research into cellulose as a functional nanomaterial for advanced applications
- 2022
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In: Journal of Materials Science. - : Springer Nature. - 0022-2461 .- 1573-4803. ; 57:10, s. 5697-5767
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This review paper provides a recent overview of current international research that is being conducted into the functional properties of cellulose as a nanomaterial. A particular emphasis is placed on fundamental and applied research that is being undertaken to generate applications, which are now becoming a real prospect given the developments in the field over the last 20 years. A short introduction covers the context of the work, and definitions of the different forms of cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) that are most widely studied. We also address the terminology used for CNMs, suggesting a standard way to classify these materials. The reviews are separated out into theme areas, namely healthcare, water purification, biocomposites, and energy. Each section contains a short review of the field within the theme and summarizes recent work being undertaken by the groups represented. Topics that are covered include cellulose nanocrystals for directed growth of tissues, bacterial cellulose in healthcare, nanocellulose for drug delivery, nanocellulose for water purification, nanocellulose for thermoplastic composites, nanocellulose for structurally colored materials, transparent wood biocomposites, supercapacitors and batteries.
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| 6. |
- Ji, Cheng, et al.
(author)
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Crystallography of low Z material at ultrahigh pressure : Case study on solid hydrogen
- 2020
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In: Matter and Radiation at Extremes. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 2468-2047 .- 2468-080X. ; 5:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Diamond anvil cell techniques have been improved to allow access to the multimegabar ultrahigh-pressure region for exploring novel phenomena in condensed matter. However, the only way to determine crystal structures of materials above 100 GPa, namely, X-ray diffraction (XRD), especially for low Z materials, remains nontrivial in the ultrahigh-pressure region, even with the availability of brilliant synchrotron X-ray sources. In this work, we perform a systematic study, choosing hydrogen (the lowest X-ray scatterer) as the subject, to understand how to better perform XRD measurements of low Z materials at multimegabar pressures. The techniques that we have developed have been proved to be effective in measuring the crystal structure of solid hydrogen up to 254 GPa at room temperature [C. Ji et al., Nature 573, 558–562 (2019)]. We present our discoveries and experiences with regard to several aspects of this work, namely, diamond anvil selection, sample configuration for ultrahigh-pressure XRD studies, XRD diagnostics for low Z materials, and related issues in data interpretation and pressure calibration. We believe that these methods can be readily extended to other low Z materials and can pave the way for studying the crystal structure of hydrogen at higher pressures, eventually testing structural models of metallic hydrogen.
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| 7. |
- Jingying, Xu, 1984-, et al.
(author)
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Influence of particle size distribution, organic carbon, pH and chlorides on washing of mercury contaminated soil
- 2014
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In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 109, s. 99-105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Feasibility of soil washing to remediate Hg contaminated soil was studied. Dry sieving was performed to evaluate Hg distribution in soil particle size fractions. The influence of dissolved organic matter and chlo- rides on Hg dissolution was assessed by batch leaching tests. Mercury mobilization in the pH range of 3– 11 was studied by pH-static titration. Results showed infeasibility of physical separation via dry sieving, as the least contaminated fraction exceeded the Swedish generic guideline value for Hg in soils. Soluble Hg did not correlate with dissolved organic carbon in the water leachate. The highest Hg dissolution was achieved at pH 5 and 11, reaching up to 0.3% of the total Hg. The pH adjustment was therefore not suf- ficient for the Hg removal to acceptable levels. Chlorides did not facilitate Hg mobilization under acidic pH either. Mercury was firmly bound in the studied soil thus soil washing might be insufficient method to treat the studied soil.
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| 8. |
- Tang, C A, et al.
(author)
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Fracture spacing in layered materials and pattern transition from parallel to polygonal fractures
- 2006
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In: Physical Review E. Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics. - 1539-3755 .- 1550-2376. ; 73:5, s. 056120-28
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We perform three-dimensional simulations of fracture growth in a three-layered plate model with an embedded heterogeneous layer under horizontal biaxial stretch (representing stretch from directional to isotropic) by the finite element approach. The fractures develop under a quasistatical, slowly increasing biaxial strain. The material inhomogeneities are accounted for by assigning each element a failure threshold that is defined by a given statistical distribution. A universal scale law of fracture spacing to biaxial strain in terms of principal stress ratio is well demonstrated in a three-dimensional fashion. The numerically obtained fracture patterns show a continuous pattern transition from parallel fractures, laddering fracture to polygonal fractures, which depends strongly on the far-field loading conditions in terms of principal stress ratio ......
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| 9. |
- Zoback, Mary Lou, et al.
(author)
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Global patterns of tectonic stress
- 1989
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 341:6240, s. 291-298
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Regional patterns of present-day tectonic stress can be used to evaluate the forces acting on the lithosphere and to investigate intraplate seismicity. Most intraplate regions are characterized by a compressional stress regime; extension is limited almost entirely to thermally uplifted regions. In several plates the maximum horizontal stress is subparallel to the direction of absolute plate motion, suggesting that the forces driving the plates also dominate the stress distribution in the plate interior.
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| 10. |
- Öhrn, Olina, et al.
(author)
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Surface coated ZnO powder as flame retardant for wood: A short communication
- 2023
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 897
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the present study, the ability of a coating of zinc oxide (ZnO) powder to improve the fire-safety of wood exposed to radiative heat flux was examined, focusing on the ignition time of the wood. To test ZnO's efficiency on the wood substrate, two different amounts of ZnO (0.5 and 1 g ZnO per dm2) were applied to the wood surface and exposed to radiative heat from a cone calorimeter wherein a pristine piece of wood with no ZnO treatment was taken as control. The experiments were conducted at three different irradiation levels i.e., 20, 35, and 50 kWm−2. The results showed that applying ZnO on the surface of the wood significantly increased the ignition time (TTI). For the three different heat fluxes, using 0.5 g ZnO per dm2 coating on the wood surface increased the TTI by 26–33 %. Furthermore, the application of 1 g of ZnO per dm2 generated a TTI increment of 37–40 %. All three irradiation levels showed similar trends in TTI. The micrographs taken before and after combustion showed no significant disparity in the morphology of ZnO. The agglomerated ZnO particles on the wood surface remained intact after combustion. This study demonstrates a facile method of using ZnO to delay the ignition of wood. This could potentially impart fire-safety to wooden structures/façades in wildland-urban interfaces and elsewhere by reducing flame spread.
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