| 1. |
- Komatsu, Kimberly J., et al.
(författare)
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Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 116:36, s. 17867-17873
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accurate prediction of community responses to global change drivers (GCDs) is critical given the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem services. There is consensus that human activities are driving species extinctions at the global scale, but debate remains over whether GCDs are systematically altering local communities worldwide. Across 105 experiments that included over 400 experimental manipulations, we found evidence for a lagged response of herbaceous plant communities to GCDs caused by shifts in the identities and relative abundances of species, often without a corresponding difference in species richness. These results provide evidence that community responses are pervasive across a wide variety of GCDs on long-term temporal scales and that these responses increase in strength when multiple GCDs are simultaneously imposed.Global change drivers (GCDs) are expected to alter community structure and consequently, the services that ecosystems provide. Yet, few experimental investigations have examined effects of GCDs on plant community structure across multiple ecosystem types, and those that do exist present conflicting patterns. In an unprecedented global synthesis of over 100 experiments that manipulated factors linked to GCDs, we show that herbaceous plant community responses depend on experimental manipulation length and number of factors manipulated. We found that plant communities are fairly resistant to experimentally manipulated GCDs in the short term (<10 y). In contrast, long-term (≥10 y) experiments show increasing community divergence of treatments from control conditions. Surprisingly, these community responses occurred with similar frequency across the GCD types manipulated in our database. However, community responses were more common when 3 or more GCDs were simultaneously manipulated, suggesting the emergence of additive or synergistic effects of multiple drivers, particularly over long time periods. In half of the cases, GCD manipulations caused a difference in community composition without a corresponding species richness difference, indicating that species reordering or replacement is an important mechanism of community responses to GCDs and should be given greater consideration when examining consequences of GCDs for the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship. Human activities are currently driving unparalleled global changes worldwide. Our analyses provide the most comprehensive evidence to date that these human activities may have widespread impacts on plant community composition globally, which will increase in frequency over time and be greater in areas where communities face multiple GCDs simultaneously.
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| 2. |
- Kinyoki, DK, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 577:7789, s. 231-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3–5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning interventions that are adapted locally and in efficiently directing resources towards reducing CGF and its health implications.
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| 3. |
- Moberg Sköld, Ulla, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Risk factors for and prevention of caries and dental erosion in children and adolescents with asthma
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Dental Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1991-7902. ; 17:3, s. 1387-1400
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are many studies and reviews of the relationship between the asthma disease in young individuals on the one hand and caries and dental erosion on the other. The causes of caries and dental erosion might be related to the asthmatic drugs, low pH and the sweeteners that the inhaled drug contains and perhaps even the lifestyle of children and adolescents with asthma. The main focus of this review is therefore to describe various preventive strategies, based on long experience of preventive dental care in Sweden. Two fact boxes are presented, one on fluoride toothpaste as a population-based intervention for different ages and one on diet counselling in children and adolescents with asthma. The most important thing is to introduce fluoride toothpaste early in the child's life and that the parents brush the child's teeth twice a day, in the morning after breakfast and at night before bedtime, up to the age of 10. Moreover, a high-risk approach with an additional fluoride supply at home is presented, together with the application of fluoride varnish at the clinic. Regarding diet counselling, it is important to make sure that the child has regular meals during the day, maximum five to six times a day, to allow the teeth to rest between meals and restrict sweets and soft drinks to once a week. It is important to identify children and adolescents with asthma as early as possible and to refer them to a dental team for preventive treatment.
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| 4. |
- Xu, C. L., et al.
(författare)
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Impact of local Si segregation on strain localization in ductile cast iron
- 2020
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Ingår i: IOP Conference Series. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The distribution of Si content in tensile deformed ductile cast iron has been characterized using electron microscopy and correlated to the strain distribution determined based on 3D tomography data collected before and after tensile deformation and digital volume correlation analysis. The results show that the high plastic strain regions localize in bands consisting of large graphite nodules and deformed matrix with high Si content connecting the graphite nodules in the first-to-solidify regions. The bands are aligned about 45 with respect to the loading direction, which is close to the maximum shear direction.
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| 5. |
- Xu, C. L., et al.
(författare)
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Micromechanical impact of solidification regions in ductile iron revealed via a 3D strain partitioning analysis method
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scripta Materialia. - : Elsevier. - 1359-6462 .- 1872-8456. ; 178, s. 463-467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Strain partitioning between first-to-solidify (FTS) and last-to-solidify (LTS) regions upon tensile loading of ductile iron was investigated by combining in-situ X-ray tomography with digital volume correlation and postmortem metallographic examinations. The results indicate that the plastic shear bands form mainly by linking graphite particles contained in the same FTS region. A special distance function is introduced to show that this is due to the lower strength of the FTS regions compared to the LTS regions, but also to the higher stress concentration associated with the particles. The methodology is general and therefore extendable to material systems containing similar microstructural heterogeneities.
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| 6. |
- Xu, Yu, et al.
(författare)
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A Qualitative Study of User Participation and Challenges in a Social Shopping Context
- 2020
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social shopping enables people to share and discuss about shopping in collaborative shopping environments. While much work has focused on using social data to promote shopping, fewer works have examined the way people socialize in the context of shopping as a personalized collaborative activity. In this paper, we propose to use qualitative methods to gain insight into people’s perceptions, concerns, and challenges in social shopping-related activities. Based on the findings, our work may contribute to the design of future online shopping sites and social media platforms that improve user engagement and participation in social shopping interactions, as well as facilitating personalized shopping and social experiences in online communities.
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