| 1. |
- Beal, Jacob, et al.
(author)
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Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
- 2020
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In: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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| 2. |
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- 2019
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 3. |
- Fenstermacher, M.E., et al.
(author)
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DIII-D research advancing the physics basis for optimizing the tokamak approach to fusion energy
- 2022
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In: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 62:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for the operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter-I p steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high-Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. For the non-nuclear phase of ITER, two actuators are identified to lower the L-H threshold power in hydrogen plasmas. With this physics understanding and suite of capabilities, a high poloidal beta optimized-core scenario with an internal transport barrier that projects nearly to Q = 10 in ITER at ∼8 MA was coupled to a detached divertor, and a near super H-mode optimized-pedestal scenario with co-I p beam injection was coupled to a radiative divertor. The hybrid core scenario was achieved directly, without the need for anomalous current diffusion, using off-axis current drive actuators. Also, a controller to assess proximity to stability limits and regulate β N in the ITER baseline scenario, based on plasma response to probing 3D fields, was demonstrated. Finally, innovative tokamak operation using a negative triangularity shape showed many attractive features for future pilot plant operation.
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| 4. |
- Weinstein, John N., et al.
(author)
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The cancer genome atlas pan-cancer analysis project
- 2013
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In: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 45:10, s. 1113-1120
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network has profiled and analyzed large numbers of human tumors to discover molecular aberrations at the DNA, RNA, protein and epigenetic levels. The resulting rich data provide a major opportunity to develop an integrated picture of commonalities, differences and emergent themes across tumor lineages. The Pan-Cancer initiative compares the first 12 tumor types profiled by TCGA. Analysis of the molecular aberrations and their functional roles across tumor types will teach us how to extend therapies effective in one cancer type to others with a similar genomic profile. © 2013 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Li, Wei, et al.
(author)
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One-Step Synthesis of Precursor Oligomers for Organic Photovoltaics: A Comparative Study between Polymers and Small Molecules
- 2015
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In: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 7:49, s. 27106-27114
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two series of oligomers TQ and rhodanine end-capped TQ-DR were synthesized using a facile one-step method. Their optical, electrical, and thermal properties and photovoltaic performances were systematically investigated and compared. The TQ series of oligomers were found to be amorphous, whereas the TQ-DR series are semicrystalline. For the TQ oligomers, the results obtained in solar cells show that as the chain length of the oligomers increases, an increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) is obtained. However, when introducing 3-ethylrhodanine into the TQ oligomers as end groups, the PCE of the TQ-DR series of oligomers decreases as the chain length increases. Moreover, the TQ-DR series of oligomers give much higher performances compared to the original amorphous TQ series of oligomers owing to the improved extinction coefficient (epsilon) and crystallinity afforded by the rhodanine. In particular, the highly crystalline oligomer TQ5-DR, which has the shortest conjugation length shows a high hole mobility of 0.034 cm(2) V-1 s(-1) and a high PCE of 3.14%, which is the highest efficiency out of all of the six oligomers. The structure-property correlations for all of the oligomers and the TQ1 polymer demonstrate that structural control of enhanced intermolecular interactions and crystallinity is a key for small molecules/oligomers to achieve high mobilities, which is an essential requirement for use in OPVs.
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| 6. |
- Li, Zhaojun, 1989, et al.
(author)
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9.0% power conversion efficiency from ternary all-polymer solar cells
- 2017
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In: Energy and Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 10:10, s. 2212-2221
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Integration of a third component into a single-junction polymer solar cell (PSC) is regarded as an attractive strategy to enhance the performance of PSCs. Although binary all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) have recently emerged with compelling power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), the PCEs of ternary all-PSCs still lag behind those of the state-of-the-art binary all-PSCs, and the advantages of ternary systems are not fully exploited. In this work, we realize high-performance ternary all-PSCs with record-breaking PCEs of 9% and high fill factors (FF) of over 0.7 for both conventional and inverted devices. The improved photovoltaic performance benefits from the synergistic effects of extended absorption, more efficient charge generation, optimal polymer orientations and suppressed recombination losses compared to the binary all-PSCs, as evidenced by a set of experimental techniques. The results provide new insights for developing high-performance ternary all-PSCs by choosing appropriate donor and acceptor polymers to overcome limitations in absorption, by affording good miscibility, and by benefiting from charge and energy transfer mechanisms for efficient charge generation.
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| 7. |
- Liu, Wei, 1977, et al.
(author)
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Single-Digit Nanobubble Sensing via Nanopore Technology
- 2024
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In: Analytical Chemistry. - 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 96:23, s. 9544-9550
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nanobubbles play an important role in diverse fields, including engineering, medicine, and agriculture. Understanding the characteristics of individual nanobubbles is essential for comprehending fluid dynamics behaviors and advancing nanoscale science across various fields. Here, we report a strategy based on nanopore sensors for characterizing single-digit nanobubbles. We investigated the sizes and diffusion coefficients of nanobubbles at different voltages. Additionally, the finite element simulation and molecular dynamics simulation were introduced to account for counterion concentration variation around nanobubbles in the nanopore. In particular, the differences in stability and surface charge density of nanobubbles under various solution environments have been studied by the ion-stabilized model and the DLVO theory. Additionally, a straightforward method to mitigate nanobubble generation in the bulk for reducing current noise in nanopore sensing was suggested. The results hold significant implications for enhancing the understanding of individual nanobubble characterizations, especially in the nanofluid field.
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| 8. |
- Oltean, Gabriel, et al.
(author)
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Towards Li-ion batteries operating at 80 °C: Ionic liquid versus conventional liquid electrolytes
- 2018
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In: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 4, s. 2-6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Li-ion battery (LIB) full cells comprised of TiO2-nanotube (TiO2-nt) and LiFePO4 (LFP)electrodes and either a conventional organic solvent based liquid electrolyte or an ionic liquid basedelectrolyte have been cycled at 80 °C. While the cell containing the ionic liquid based electrolyteexhibited good capacity retention and rate capability during 100 cycles, rapid capacity fading was found for the corresponding cell with the organic electrolyte. Results obtained for TiO2-nt and LFP half-cells indicate an oxidative degradation of the organic electrolyte at 80 °C. In all, ionic liquidbased electrolytes can be used to significantly improve the performance of LIBs operating at 80 °C.
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| 9. |
- Wang, Chuanfei, et al.
(author)
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Low Band Gap Polymer Solar Cells With Minimal Voltage Losses
- 2016
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In: Advanced Energy Materials. - : Wiley. - 1614-6832 .- 1614-6840. ; 6:18
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One of the factors limiting the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) is their large energy losses (E loss) in the conversion from photons to electrons, typically believed to be around 0.6 eV and often higher than those of inorganic solar cells. In this work, a novel low band gap polymer PIDTT-TID with a optical gap of 1.49 eV is synthesized and used as the donor combined with PC71BM in solar cells. These solar cells attain a good power conversion efficiency of 6.7% with a high open-circuit voltage of 1.0 V, leading to the E loss as low as 0.49 eV. A systematic study indicates that the driving force in this donor and acceptor system is sufficient for charge generation with the low E loss. This work pushes the minimal E loss of OSCs down to 0.49 eV, approaching the values of some inorganic and hybrid solar cells. It indicates the potential for further enhancement of the performance of OSCs by improving their V oc since the E loss can be minimized.
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| 10. |
- Wang, Chuanfei, et al.
(author)
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Ternary organic solar cells with enhanced open circuit voltage
- 2017
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In: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 37, s. 24-31
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- By introducing a non-fullerene small molecule acceptor as a third component to typical polymer donor: fullerene acceptor binary solar cells, we demonstrate that the short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), power conversion efficiency (PCE) and thermal stability can be enhanced simultaneously. The different surface energy of each component causes most of the non-fullerene acceptor molecules to self-organize at the polymer/fullerene interface, while the appropriately selected oxidation/reduction potential of the non-fullerene acceptor enables the resulting ternary junction to work through a cascade mechanism. The cascade ternary junction enhances charge generation through complementary absorption between the non-fullerene and fullerene acceptors and aids the efficient charge extraction from fullerene domains. The bimolecular recombination in the ternary blend layer is reduced as the ternary cascade junction increases the separation of holes and electrons during charge transportation and the trap assistant recombination induced by integer charge transfer (ICT) state potentially reduced due to the smaller pinning energy of inserted non-fullerene acceptor, leading to an unprecedented increase in the open circuit voltage beyond the binary reference values.
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