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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Wang, Kui, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient electro-demulsification of O/W emulsions and simultaneous oil removal enabled by a multiscale porous biocarbon electrode
- 2024
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-8947 .- 1873-3212. ; 481
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emulsion wastewater contain substantial amounts of oil and various additives, which pose threats to the environment and human health. Demulsification is a crucial pretreatment stage for wastewater. This study aims to identify a novel electro-demulsification method with high oil removal efficiency and low energy consumption. Modified carbonized birch wood with a unique isotropic multiscale pore structure is used as a self-standing electrode to treat a toluene oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. The electrode must have a highly porous structure to facilitate efficient water diffusion and oil adsorption. It must also have high electronic conductivity to expedite polarized molecular electrophoresis to realize penetration into the pores and, subsequently, demulsification. Guided by an applied electric field force, polarized O/W droplets are drawn toward the electrode, revealing electrical characteristics distinct from those of polarized organic molecules. This electric field force augments the capture and adhesion of droplets by the electric double layer at the electrode interface. Consequently, adsorbed droplets in close proximity to the electrode rupture due to the combined influence of the electric field force and the electrostatic effects stemming from the electrode's multiscale porous structure. This synergistic action enables demulsification to occur efficiently at low energy consumption levels. This study has revealed that electro-demulsification can effectively treat toluene emulsions stabilized by various surfactants and microemulsion containing toluene. Therefore, this electro-demulsification technology can be further developed for various types of water pollution.
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| 6. |
- Cong, Lin, et al.
(författare)
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Use of Cardiovascular Drugs for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among Rural-Dwelling Older Chinese Adults
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Pharmacology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1663-9812. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cardiovascular risk factors and related disorders are common among older adults, and use of various classes of cardiovascular (CV) drugs could reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, data are sparse with regard to the use of CV drugs among rural-dwelling older adults in China. Therefore, this population-based study aimed to describe use of CV drugs among older adults living in the rural communities in China, while taking into account the use of CV drugs for primary and secondary prevention of CVDs. This study included 5,246 participants (age >= 65 years; 57.17% women; 40.68% illiteracy) in the baseline examination of the MIND-China study. In March-September 2018, data on health-related factors, CVDs (ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and stroke), and CV drug use were collected via face-to-face survey, clinical examination, and laboratory tests. We classified CV drugs according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system for western medications and specific cardiovascular effects for the products of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). We conducted descriptive analysis. The overall prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors ranged from 14.30% in diabetes and 23.81% in dyslipidemia to 66.70% in hypertension, and CVDs affected 35.07% of all participants (36.28% in women vs. 33.47% in men, p = 0.035). In the total sample, calcium channel blockers (C08) were most commonly used (10.39%), followed by TCM products (7.64%), hypoglycemic agents (A10, 4.73%), renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-acting agents (C09, 4.61%), and lipid-lowering agents (C10, 4.17%). The proportions of CV drugs for primary prevention (i.e., use of CV drugs among people without CVD) were 3.14% for antithrombotic agents (mainly aspirin), 1.38% for lipid-lowering agents, and 3.11% for RAS-acting agents; the corresponding figures for secondary prevention (i.e., use of CV drugs among people with CVD) were 13.97%, 9.35%, and 7.39%. In conclusion, despite highly prevalent cardiovascular risk factors and CVDs, a fairly low proportion of the rural-dwelling older adults take CV medications for primary and secondary prevention. Notably, TCM products are among the most commonly used CV drugs. These results call for additional efforts to promote implementation of the evidence-based recommendations for prevention of CVDs in the primary care settings.
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- Deng, Zhongwei, et al.
(författare)
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Battery health evaluation using a short random segment of constant current charging
- 2022
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Ingår i: iScience. - : Elsevier BV. - 2589-0042. ; 25:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accurately evaluating the health status of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is significant to enhance the safety, efficiency, and economy of LIBs deployment. However, the complex degradation processes inside the battery make it a thorny challenge. Data-driven methods are widely used to resolve the problem without exploring the complex aging mechanisms; however, random and incomplete charging-discharging processes in actual applications make the existing methods fail to work. Here, we develop three data-driven methods to estimate battery state of health (SOH) using a short random charging segment (RCS). Four types of commercial LIBs (75 cells), cycled under different temperatures and discharging rates, are employed to validate the methods. Trained on a nominal cycling condition, our models can achieve high-precision SOH estimation under other different conditions. We prove that an RCS with a 10mV voltage window can obtain an average error of less than 5%, and the error plunges as the voltage window increases.
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| 8. |
- Guo, Xiaolei, et al.
(författare)
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The cutting performance of Al2O3 and Si3N4 ceramic cutting tools in the milling plywood
- 2018
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Ingår i: Advances in Applied Ceramics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1743-6753 .- 1743-6761. ; 117:1, s. 16-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research focuses on the cutting performance of Al2O3 and Si3N4 ceramic cutting tools in upmillingplywood, the results of which are as follows. First, whether the tool material is Al2O3 orSi3N4 ceramic, the cutting forces at low-speed cutting were less than those at high-speedcutting, and the machining quality at low-speed cutting was greater than that at high-speedcutting. Then, whether at low- or high-speed cutting, the cutting forces of Al2O3 cutting toolswere higher than those of Si3N4 cutting tools, and the machining quality of plywood milledby Al2O3 ceramic cutting tools was poorer than that milled by Si3N4 ceramic cutting tools.Finally, Si3N4 ceramic cutting tools were more suitable to machine the wooden productionswith much glue content than Al2O3 ceramic cutting tools for the better machined quality.
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| 9. |
- Li, Rongrong, et al.
(författare)
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Non-standard test method for glue line shear strength
- 2017
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Ingår i: Wood research. - : Statny Drevarsky Vyskumny Ustav. - 1336-4561. ; 62:5, s. 825-830
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relevant standards for glueline shear strength testing were summarized and analyzed in this paper. Depending on these existing test standards, the resulting stress in glueline is not pure shear stress, but a combination of shear and normal stresses. In order to overcome this deficiency, a symmetrical structure was proposed for making samples. Some comparative testing was accomplished by using these symmetrical samples, the results showed that the normal stress could be avoided during testing. These results were also confirmed by finite element method (FEM), the simulation results showed that the shear stress in glueline was uniform
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| 10. |
- Li, Rongrong, et al.
(författare)
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Prediction of cutting force during gypsum fiber composite milling process using response surface methodology
- 2017
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Ingår i: Wood and Fiber Science. - : Society of Wood Science and Technology. - 0735-6161. ; 49:4, s. 453-460
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gypsum fiber composite (GFC) is a kind of building material widely used in interior decoration. Milling is the most commonly used machining process for GFC. Cutting force as an important cutting characteristic parameter has significant influence on the quality of machined surface, power consumption, and tools wear. The tangential force (Fx) and normal force (Fy) were measured and analyzed to find out the effects of milling parameters on these cutting forces. Milling parameters considered were spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The response surface methodology (RSM) was selected to develop mathematical models and optimize milling parameters. The results showed that with the increase of feed rate and depth of cut, the Fx and Fy increased. But the cutting forces decreased with the increase of spindle speed. The optimization results indicated that high spindle speed, low feed rate, and small depth of cut are preferable for milling of GFC to obtain the best result.
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