| 1. |
- Huang, Sunan, et al.
(författare)
-
An investigation on child occupant safety in passenger vehicles based on accident data from Changsha, China
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Proceedings - 2013 5th Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, ICMTMA 2013. - 9780769549323 ; , s. 218-221
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study is to determine the traffic safety situation of child occupants in the urban areas of Changsha, China. For this purpose, accident data were collected from the local traffic police authority. The selected samples have been dated from January 1,2001 to December 31,2010, durich which 1, 629 traffic accidents involving children occurred in Changsha. A total of 331 child occupants up to 15 years of age were identified in these accidents. A statistical analysis was then conducted in terms of the accident type, accident scenario, child age, gender, injury region, and injury severity. The results indicate that the side impact is the most common accident scenario in the child occupant accidents, accounting for 45% of all the cases. The major type of the accidents is the double-vehicle crashes in which passenger vehicles account for 73.4%. No child restraint system (CRS) was identified in the selected accidents. The head and extremity injuries have a high frequency in the child injuries. With the implementation of safey regulations, common knowledge about the traffic safety for child occupants should be strengthen, and CRS will be required in cars to protect child occupants.
|
|
| 2. |
- Yang, Jikuang, 1948, et al.
(författare)
-
Multi-objective optimization of child restraint system for vehicle side impact
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Jixie Gongcheng Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering. - 0577-6686. ; 47:12, s. 79-84, DOI:10.3901/JME.2011.12.079
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The head and thorax of the child occupant are mainly injured regions in passenger car side impacts. In order to reduce theinjury risks of head and thorax, a multi-objective optimization design of child restraint system (CRS) and side airbag is conducted interms of CRS safety performances. A mathematical model of a child occupant in side collision is developed by using MADYMOsoftware and the validity of the model is evaluated by comparing results between simulation and sled test. For the purpose ofminimizing accelerations of child head and thorax, a sensitivity analysis of the design variables is conducted using the orthogonaldesign of experiment (DOE) and analysis of variance. The primary design variables are therefore determined, including materialpermeability of side airbag, location of top tether in X-direction and stiffness coefficient of lower anchorage. The objective functionsfor accelerations of child head and thorax are generated with second-order multinomial regression equations in terms of thedetermined design variables. Optimization is carried out byusing non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). Theoptimized configuration of the CRS is obtained by further analysis based on the Pareto-optimal solutions. The results indicate thatmain design parameters of child restraint system are material permeability 0.037 of side airbag, location −0.25 m of top tether inX-direction, stiffness coefficient 0.5 of lower anchorage. Under the optimized condition, the peak value of head acceleration isminimized by about 24 percent. The peak value of thorax acceleration is declined by about 30 percent.
|
|
| 3. |
- Yang, Xingmei, et al.
(författare)
-
Protection efficiency of side airbag on child occupant
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Jiangsu Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) / Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science Edition). - 1671-7775. ; 32:4, s. 379-384, id. 1671-7775(2011)04-0000-0-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to evaluate the injury risk of child occupant exposed to the deployed side airbag in side impact. Based on the Prescribed Structure Motion, LS-Dyna and MADYMO softwares was used to develop the simulation models. Simulations with and without side airbag deployment were carried out under the Euro-NCAP side impact conditions. The dynamic response parameters of head, neck and thorax of 6-year-old child with misusing and using correctly booster seat were analyzed and compared. The results indicated that the child misusing booster seat may not receive the threat of side airbag for head and thorax. The child using booster seat correctly may receive the protective benefits of side airbag for head and thorax. Whether a child misuses or uses correctly booster seat, the injury risk of neck depends on the real impact situations.
|
|
| 4. |
- Kang, Ying, et al.
(författare)
-
Weak Bonds Joint Effects Catalyze the Cleavage of Strong C−C Bond of Lignin‐Inspired Compounds and Lignin in Air by Ionic Liquids
- 2020
-
Ingår i: ChemSusChem. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1864-5631 .- 1864-564X. ; 13:22, s. 5945-5953
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oxidation of lignin to value‐added aromatics through selective C−C bond cleavage via metal‐free and mild strategies is promising but challenging. It was discovered that the cations of ionic liquids (ILs) could effectively catalyze this kind of strong bond cleavage by forming multiple weak hydrogen bonds, enabling the reaction conducted in air at temperature lower than 373 K without metal‐containing catalysts. The cation [CPMim]+ (1‐propylronitrile‐3‐methylimidazolium) afforded the highest efficiency in C−C bond cleavage, in which high yields (>90 %) of oxidative products were achieved. [CPMim]+ could form three ipsilateral hydrogen bonds with the oxygen atom of C=O and ether bonds at both sides of the C−C bond. The weak bonds joint effects could promote adjacent C−H bond cleave to form free radicals and thereby catalyze the fragmentation of the strong C−C. This work opens up an eco‐friendly and energy‐efficient route for direct valorization of lignin by enhancing IL properties via tuning the cation.
|
|
