| 1. |
- Chaintreau, Alain, et al.
(författare)
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Site-specific C-13 content by quantitative isotopic C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry : a pilot inter-laboratory study
- 2013
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Ingår i: Analytica Chimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-2670 .- 1873-4324. ; 788, s. 108-113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Isotopic C-13 NMR spectrometry, which is able to measure intra-molecular C-13 composition, is of emerging demand because of the new information provided by the C-13 site-specific content of a given molecule. A systematic evaluation of instrumental behaviour is of importance to envisage isotopic C-13 NMR as a routine tool. This paper describes the first collaborative study of intra-molecular C-13 composition by NMR. The main goals of the ring test were to establish intra-and inter-variability of the spectrometer response. Eight instruments with different configuration were retained for the exercise on the basis of a qualification test. Reproducibility at the natural abundance of isotopic C-13 NMR was then assessed on vanillin from three different origins associated with specific delta C-13(i) profiles. The standard deviation was, on average, between 0.9 and 1.2 parts per thousand for intra-variability. The highest standard deviation for inter-variability was 2.1%. This is significantly higher than the internal precision but could be considered good in respect of a first ring test on a new analytical method. The standard deviation of delta C-13(i) in vanillin was not homogeneous over the eight carbons, with no trend either for the carbon position or for the configuration of the spectrometer. However, since the repeatability for each instrument was satisfactory, correction factors for each carbon in vanillin could be calculated to harmonize the results.(C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Holland, Linda Z, et al.
(författare)
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The amphioxus genome illuminates vertebrate origins and cephalochordate biology
- 2008
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Ingår i: Genome Research. - : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. - 1088-9051 .- 1549-5469. ; 18:7, s. 1100-1111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cephalochordates, urochordates, and vertebrates evolved from a common ancestor over 520 million years ago. To improve our understanding of chordate evolution and the origin of vertebrates, we intensively searched for particular genes, gene families, and conserved noncoding elements in the sequenced genome of the cephalochordate Branchiostoma floridae, commonly called amphioxus or lancelets. Special attention was given to homeobox genes, opsin genes, genes involved in neural crest development, nuclear receptor genes, genes encoding components of the endocrine and immune systems, and conserved cis-regulatory enhancers. The amphioxus genome contains a basic set of chordate genes involved in development and cell signaling, including a fifteenth Hox gene. This set includes many genes that were co-opted in vertebrates for new roles in neural crest development and adaptive immunity. However, where amphioxus has a single gene, vertebrates often have two, three, or four paralogs derived from two whole-genome duplication events. In addition, several transcriptional enhancers are conserved between amphioxus and vertebrates--a very wide phylogenetic distance. In contrast, urochordate genomes have lost many genes, including a diversity of homeobox families and genes involved in steroid hormone function. The amphioxus genome also exhibits derived features, including duplications of opsins and genes proposed to function in innate immunity and endocrine systems. Our results indicate that the amphioxus genome is elemental to an understanding of the biology and evolution of nonchordate deuterostomes, invertebrate chordates, and vertebrates.
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