| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
-
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
|
|
| 3. |
- Liu, Zhiying, et al.
(författare)
-
Solution-Processable Nanotube/Polymer Composite for High-Performance TFTs
- 2011
-
Ingår i: IEEE Electron Device Letters. - 0741-3106 .- 1558-0563. ; 32:9, s. 1299-1301
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin-film field-effect transistors (TFTs) are readily fabricated using a semiconductor composite that is solution processed under ambient conditions for the conduction channel. The composite comprises single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) embedded in poly-9,9' dioctyl-fluorene-co-bithiophene. Carrier mobility values approaching 10 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) are obtained for the composite with relatively high SWCNT concentrations. When the SWCNT concentration is reduced for a large ON/OFF current ratio > 10(6), the mobility remains decent around 0.3 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1). The resultant TFTs display remarkable environmental and operational reliability. Nanotube-based composites are therefore of significance in printed electronics owing to their simplicity in device fabrication and competitiveness in device performance.
|
|
| 4. |
- Lopez Cabezas, Ana, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Influence of Carbon Nanotubes on Thermal Stability of Water-Dispersible Nanofibrillar Polyaniline/Nanotube Composite
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Materials. - Basel, Switzerland : MDPI AG. - 1996-1944 .- 1996-1944. ; 5:2, s. 327-335
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Significant influence on the thermal stability of polyaniline (PANI) in the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is reported. By means of in-situ rapid mixing approach, water-dispersible nanofibrillar PANI and composites, consisting of MWCNTs uniformly coated with PANI in the state of emeraldine salt, with a well-defined core-shell heterogeneous structure, were prepared. The de-protonation process in PANI occurs at a lower temperature under the presence of MWCNTs on the polyaniline composite upon thermal treatment. However, it is found that the presence of MWCNTs significantly enhances the thermal stability of PANI's backbone upon exposure to laser irradiation, which can be ascribed to the core-shell heterogeneous structure of the composite of MWCNTs and PANI, and the high thermal conductivity of MWCNTs.
|
|
| 5. |
- Chen, Fu qiang, et al.
(författare)
-
Pressure analysis on two-step high pressure reducing system for hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle
- 2017
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-3199. ; 42:16, s. 11541-11552
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) can achieve zero exhaust emission and zero pollution. In order to make FCEV reach a farther travel distance, greater demands are put on its pressure reducing system. In this paper, a two-step high pressure reducing system for FCEV is proposed. The system is made up of two parts, a new high multi-stage pressure reducing valve (HMSPRV) and a multi-stage muffler. As a new system, its feasibility has to be verified. Since the valve opening condition has a great effect on hydrogen flow, pressure reduction and energy consumption, different valve opening conditions are taken as the research point. The flow field analysis of the new HMSPRV is conducted on three aspects: pressure field, velocity field and energy consumption. It can be found that both the pressure reducing and velocity increasing gradients mainly reflect at those throttling components for all valve openings. For energy consumption, in the comprehensive study of flow vortexes and turbulent dissipation rate, it can be found that the larger of the valve opening, the larger of energy consumption. Then, a thermo-fluid-solid coupling analysis is conducted on the new HMSPRV, and it is concluded that the new system meets strength requirement. Furthermore, as the second step of the high pressure reducing system, the flow and pressure fields of multi-stage muffler are investigated. The five-stage muffler is exactly designed to complete the whole pressure reducing process. This study can provide technological support for achieving pressure regulation in the hydrogen transport system of FCEV when facing complex conditions, and it can also benefit the further research work on energy saving and multi-stage flow of pressure reducing devices.
|
|
| 6. |
- Chen, Fu qiang, et al.
(författare)
-
Thermo-mechanical stress and fatigue damage analysis on multi-stage high pressure reducing valve
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Annals of Nuclear Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4549. ; 110, s. 753-767
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A multi-stage high pressure reducing valve (MSHPRV) is proposed. It can achieve a multi-stage pressure reducing way. Valve failure mainly occurs under high pressure and high temperature conditions, thus it is necessary to investigate the strength of MSHPRV under those complex conditions. In this paper, the mathematical model of MSHPRV is established and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is employed to simulate its flow fields and thermo-mechanical stress. Next, the stress of MSHPRV under different opening time and the fatigue damage of MSHPRV under different valve openings are studied. Finally, two changes are provided on geometry of MSHPRV and the geometrical factors are optimized. The results show that, the radial direction from inner wall to outer wall is the main heat transfer direction for valve body. At opening time 50 s, the working condition of MSHPRV is dangerous condition. Meanwhile, the maximum value of thermal stress is 487 MPa, which is located at the upper end face of valve chamber region B3. There is a lag effect of stress distribution with respect to temperature distribution. The combined stress of valve body is composed of thermal stress and mechanical stress, in which thermal stress holds the dominant position. Moreover, with the increasing of valve opening, the fatigue damage of valve body increases correspondingly. It can be concluded that MSHPRV can cope with complex conditions like high pressure and high temperature. In the optimization design of MSHPRV, it can be found that the best strength of MSHPRV is achieved with such geometrical factors as angle 15, diameter 4 mm and 2 stage plates. Besides, radian design as the improved structure is recommended. This work can benefit the further research work on the regulation performance and safe operation of high pressure reducing valve.
|
|
| 7. |
- Chen, Fu qiang, et al.
(författare)
-
Turbulent compressible flow analysis on multi-stage high pressure reducing valve
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Flow Measurement and Instrumentation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0955-5986. ; 61, s. 26-37
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pressure reducing valve plays an important role in thermodynamic systems. Under extreme operating conditions, greater demands are requested on pressure reducing systems. In this paper, a novel multi-stage high pressure reducing valve (MSHPRV) is proposed, which can achieve multi-stage pressure reducing processes, improve the flow characteristics and deal with complex conditions. Here, the effects of different structural parameters on turbulent compressible flow inside MSHPRV are numerically investigated to achieve low valve noise and energy consumption. Mach number is taken as the parameter to reflect the fluid compressibility. Higher Mach number can cause serious aerodynamic noise and large amount of energy consumption. Based on this, transmission loss of MSHPRV is also studied to achieve better noise control performances. Meanwhile, larger turbulent dissipation rate means larger degree of energy consumption, so it is with the exergy loss. Thus, numerical models with different valve openings, perforated plate diameters, chamfer radii of perforated plates, pressure ratios and stages of perforated plates are established, and the effects of these structural parameters on the compressible turbulent flow and energy consumption of MSHPRV are investigated. Results show that different structural parameters have significant impacts on compressible turbulent flow and energy consumption performance in MSHPRV. The best noise control and least energy consumption of MSHPRV is achieved with such parameters as pressure ratio 7, perforated plate diameter 4 mm and 4 stage plates. This work can benefit the further research work on energy saving and multi-stage design of pressure reducing devices.
|
|
| 8. |
- Feng, Yi, et al.
(författare)
-
Flexible UHF resistive humidity sensors based on carbon nanotubes
- 2012
-
Ingår i: IEEE Sensors Journal. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 12:9, s. 2844-2850
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the investigation of the resistive humidity-sensing properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). MWCNTs functionalized by acid treatment (f-MWCNTs) exhibit rather high sensitivity in resistance toward humidity, owing to the presence of carboxylic groups on the nanotube surface. By integrating the f-MWCNTs resistor into a wireless sensor platform, flexible humidity sensors for ultra-high frequency applications are investigated. The operating frequency range of the sensor is dramatically increased from 600 MHz to 2 GHz by adjusting the resistor-electrodes' configuration. This enhancement is predominately attributed to the variation in parasitic capacitance between the resistor-electrodes.
|
|
| 9. |
- Jun, Chen, et al.
(författare)
-
A Novel Acceleration Data Compression Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network Application in Fresh Food Tracking System
- 2009
-
Ingår i: The Ninth International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments ICEMI’2009. - : IEEE Press. - 9781424438631 ; , s. 3-1-3-5
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An enhanced dual-layer wide area wireless sensor network (WSN) system was developed and applied in fresh food tracking application. The sensor nodes of WSN provide a set of useful measurements about the environmental conditions during the fresh food transportation. Since the 3-axis acceleration data in such application account for more than 99% out of all collected source data, we propose a novel acceleration data compression scheme for this specific application, to overcome the resource and cost limitation imposed on embedded sensing nodes and wireless communication links in WSN. According to general fresh food transport behavior pattern, the acceleration data can be extracted into three components (D waveform, A waveform and P waveform). Each component could be compressed separately according to its distinct characteristic and then packetized as an encoded frame. In this paper we examine the experimental acceleration dataset from a field test (fresh melon fruit transport from Brazil to Sweden in 20 days) as a test case. Experimental results show that a high compression ratio (around 10:1) with the acceptable distortion could be achieved, confirming the effectiveness of the compression scheme proposed in this work.
|
|
| 10. |
- Luo, Lei, et al.
(författare)
-
Computational investigation of the dust hole effect on the heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in a U bend channel
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Applied Thermal Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-4311. ; 140, s. 166-179
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, effects of a dust hole and its location on the flow structure, endwall heat transfer and friction factor in a U bend channel used for a gas turbine blade tip cooling are numerically studied. The dust hole is placed on the endwall of a U bend at different locations. The U bend channel without dust hole is considered as Baseline. The Reynolds number ranges from 50,000 to 440,000. Results of the flow structure, Nu number, friction factor, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) are included. The results showed that the fluid flow entering the U bend channel impinges on the endwall and forms a recirculation vortex. The interaction between the recirculation vortex and pressure gradient caused by the wall generated a rotating vortex pair. This significantly affected the heat transfer. As the dust hole is adopted at the inlet channel near the sidewall, the rotating vortex pair was forced to flow near the endwall and accordingly the shearing effect on the endwall was increased. This consequently increased the local transfer. In this case, the heat transfer was increased by 13.47% compared to the Baseline. However, because the adoption of dust hole did not affect the main stream, the pressure drop was decreased by 9.9% instead. The Reynolds analogy performance and the thermal performance indicated that the adoption of a dust hole at the inlet channel near the side wall gave the highest performance augmentation. The augmentation was 26.4% and 17.6% compared to the Baseline, respectively.
|
|
