| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
-
A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
-
Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Oksman, Kristiina, et al.
(författare)
-
Review of the recent developments in cellulose nanocomposite processing
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Composites. Part A, Applied science and manufacturing. - : Elsevier. - 1359-835X .- 1878-5840. ; 83, s. 2-18
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review addresses the recent developments of the, processing of cellulose nanocomposites, focusing on the most used techniques, including solution casting, melt-processing of thermoplastic cellulose nanocomposites and resin impregnation of cellulose nanopapers using thermoset resins. Important techniques, such as partially dissolved cellulose nanocomposites, nanocomposite foams reinforced with nanocellulose, as well as long continuous fibers or filaments, are also addressed. It is shown how the research on cellulose nanocomposites has rapidly increased during the last 10 years, and manufacturing techniques have been developed from simple casting to these more sophisticated methods. To produce cellulose nanocomposites for commercial use, the processing of these materials must be developed from laboratory to industrially viable methods.
|
|
| 4. |
- Askari, Syed Jawid, et al.
(författare)
-
Nanodiamond films deposited at moderate temperature on pure titanium substrate pretreated by ultrasonic scratching in diamond powder suspension
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Mineral, Metallurgy, Material. ; 13:6, s. 542-545
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) film deposition on pure titanium and Ti alloys is extraordinarily difficult because of the high diffusion coefficient of carbon in Ti, the large mismatch in their thermal expansion coefficients, the complex nature of the interlayer formed during diamond deposition, and the difficulty to achieve very high nucleation density. In this investigation, NCD films were successfully deposited on pure Ti substrate by using a novel substrate pretreatment of ultrasonic scratching in a diamond powder-ethanol suspension and by a two-step process at moderate temperature. It was shown that by scratching with a 30-μm diamond suspension for 1 h, followed by a 10-h diamond deposition, a continuous NCD film was obtained with an average grain size of about 200 nm. Detailed experimental results on the preparation, characterization, and successful deposition of the NCD films on Ti were discussed
|
|
| 5. |
- Gehrmann, Sebastian, et al.
(författare)
-
GEMv2: Multilingual NLG Benchmarking in a Single Line of Code
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations. - : Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL). ; , s. 266-281
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluations in machine learning rarely use the latest metrics, datasets, or human evaluation in favor of remaining compatible with prior work. The compatibility, often facilitated through leaderboards, thus leads to outdated but standardized evaluation practices. We pose that the standardization is taking place in the wrong spot. Evaluation infrastructure should enable researchers to use the latest methods and what should be standardized instead is how to incorporate these new evaluation advances.We introduce GEMv2, the new version of the Generation, Evaluation, and Metrics Benchmark which uses a modular infrastructure for dataset, model, and metric developers to benefit from each other’s work. GEMv2 supports 40 documented datasets in 51 languages, ongoing online evaluation for all datasets, and our interactive tools make it easier to add new datasets to the living benchmark.
|
|
| 6. |
- Geng, Shiyu, et al.
(författare)
-
Aligned biodegradable cellulose-reinforced nanocomposites with high strength and toughness
- 2017
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose, as the most abundant component in wood, has attracted a lot of attention for utilizing it in environmentally-friendly applications to replace the fossil-based materials. Nanocellulose materials with high stiffness and strength, large surface area and biodegradability, are promising reinforcement in polymers. However, the energy consumption of nano-scale isolation of cellulose and the dispersion of nanocellulose materials in the polymers are still challenging for obtaining low-cost and ultra-strong nanocomposites. To overcome these, we focus on investigating the aligned nanocomposites reinforced by a very low cellulose nanofibers (CNF) content (0.1 wt%), and grafting polyethylene glycol (PEG) on CNF was performed to improve the dispersion of them. We found that the alignment can improve mechanical properties of the polylactic acid (PLA)/CNF composites dramatically. With a draw ratio of 8, the strength of the aligned composite reached 320 MPa and the toughness was 30 times enhanced compared to the isotropic material. Much better dispersion of the CNF grafted with PEG in PLA matrix was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) compared to the ungrafted CNF, and further supported by the mechanical testing results. Furthermore, the aligned nanocomposites exhibited light scattering behavior indicating they have the potential to be used in optical applications.
|
|
| 7. |
- Geng, Shiyu, et al.
(författare)
-
Aligned polylactic acid based nanocomposite reinforced using a tiny amount of functionalized cellulose nanofibers
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the challenges of the cost of nanocellulose materials and the dispersion of them in polymer matrix, small amount and well-dispersed nanocellulose materials are desired as reinforcement to achieve environmentally-friendly nanocomposites with high performance. In this study, an aligned polylactic acid (PLA) based nanocomposite reinforced by 0.1 wt% of functionalized cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) was investigated. The CNFs were covalently grafted by polyethylene glycol (PEG), which improves the dispersion of the CNFs in the PLA significantly compared to the native CNFs. The improved dispersion was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and mechanical testing. Furthermore, it was found that the alignment can improve mechanical properties of the nanocomposite dramatically. The strength of the aligned nanocomposite reaches 343 MPa with a draw ratio of 8, meanwhile the toughness is about 30 times enhanced compared to the isotropic material. The aligned nanocomposite also exhibits light scattering behavior, indicating that it has the potential to be used in optical applications.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Geng, Shiyu, et al.
(författare)
-
Grafting polyethylene glycol on nanocellulose toward biodegradable polymer nanocomposites
- 2017
-
Ingår i: ICCM21 Proceedings. - : ICCM, International Committee on Composite Materials.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reinforcing effect of a small amount of nanocellulose materials on biodegradable and polymer-based nanocomposites remains challenging because of the poor dispersion of the nanomaterials and inefficient interaction between the nanocellulose and the polymer matrix. To improve this, we grafted polyethylene glycol (PEG) on nanocellulose and produced composites of 0.1 wt% nanocellulose materials and polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. Here, two types of PEG grafted nanocellulose including TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanocrystals (TOCNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (TOCNFs), with different lengths and diameters were used as reinforcements, respectively. We investigated the effects of grafting PEG on microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal behaviors of the PLA/nanocellulose composites. It is found that the PEG grafted nanocellulose dispersed better compared to the unmodified nanocellulose in the PLA matrix, and provides higher reinforcing effect that improves the elastic modulus of the nanocomposites compared to the composites with unmodified nanocellulose and ungrafted PEG. However, the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites was not improved by grafting PEG significantly. We also found that the nanocomposites reinforced by TOCNF exhibited enhanced mechanical and thermal properties compared to those with TOCNCs, which is caused by the higher aspect ratio of the TOCNFs.
|
|
| 10. |
- Geng, Shiyu, et al.
(författare)
-
High-strength, High-toughness Aligned Polymer-based Nanocomposite Reinforced with Ultra-low Weight Fraction of Functionalized Nanocellulose
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 19:10, s. 4075-4083
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multifunctional lightweight, flexible, yet strong polymer-based nanocomposites are highly desired for specific applications. However, the control of orientation and dispersion of reinforcing nanoparticles and the optimization of the interfacial interaction still pose substantial challenges in nanocellulose-reinforced polymer composites. In this study, poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted nanocellulose fibers (TOCNF-g-PEG) has demonstrated much better dispersion in a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix as compared to unmodified nanocellulose fibers. Through a uniaxial drawing method, aligned PLA/nanocellulose nanocomposites with high strength, high toughness, and unique optical behavior are obtained. With the incorporation of only 0.1 wt% of TOCNF-g-PEG in PLA, the ultimate strength of the nanocomposite reaches 343 MPa, which is significantly higher than that of other aligned PLA-based nanocomposites reported previously. Compared with the aligned nanocomposite reinforced with unmodified nanocellulose, the ultimate strength and toughness are enhanced by 39% and 70%, respectively. Moreover, the aligned nanocomposite film is highly transparent and possesses an anisotropic light scattering effect, revealing its significant potential for optical applications.
|
|
