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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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- Saunois, Marielle, et al.
(författare)
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The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017
- 2020
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Ingår i: Earth System Science Data. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1866-3516 .- 1866-3508. ; 12:3, s. 1561-1623
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance of CH4 compared to CO2 depends on its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and variations in atmospheric growth rate over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major challenges in reducing uncertainties in the atmospheric growth rate arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations).For the 2008–2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by atmospheric inversions (a top-down approach) to be 576 Tg CH4 yr−1 (range 550–594, corresponding to the minimum and maximum estimates of the model ensemble). Of this total, 359 Tg CH4 yr−1 or ∼ 60 % is attributed to anthropogenic sources, that is emissions caused by direct human activity (i.e. anthropogenic emissions; range 336–376 Tg CH4 yr−1 or 50 %–65 %). The mean annual total emission for the new decade (2008–2017) is 29 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than our estimate for the previous decade (2000–2009), and 24 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than the one reported in the previous budget for 2003–2012 (Saunois et al., 2016). Since 2012, global CH4 emissions have been tracking the warmest scenarios assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bottom-up methods suggest almost 30 % larger global emissions (737 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 594–881) than top-down inversion methods. Indeed, bottom-up estimates for natural sources such as natural wetlands, other inland water systems, and geological sources are higher than top-down estimates. The atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget suggest that at least some of these bottom-up emissions are overestimated. The latitudinal distribution of atmospheric observation-based emissions indicates a predominance of tropical emissions (∼ 65 % of the global budget, < 30∘ N) compared to mid-latitudes (∼ 30 %, 30–60∘ N) and high northern latitudes (∼ 4 %, 60–90∘ N). The most important source of uncertainty in the methane budget is attributable to natural emissions, especially those from wetlands and other inland waters.Some of our global source estimates are smaller than those in previously published budgets (Saunois et al., 2016; Kirschke et al., 2013). In particular wetland emissions are about 35 Tg CH4 yr−1 lower due to improved partition wetlands and other inland waters. Emissions from geological sources and wild animals are also found to be smaller by 7 Tg CH4 yr−1 by 8 Tg CH4 yr−1, respectively. However, the overall discrepancy between bottom-up and top-down estimates has been reduced by only 5 % compared to Saunois et al. (2016), due to a higher estimate of emissions from inland waters, highlighting the need for more detailed research on emissions factors. Priorities for improving the methane budget include (i) a global, high-resolution map of water-saturated soils and inundated areas emitting methane based on a robust classification of different types of emitting habitats; (ii) further development of process-based models for inland-water emissions; (iii) intensification of methane observations at local scales (e.g., FLUXNET-CH4 measurements) and urban-scale monitoring to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scales (surface networks and satellites) to constrain atmospheric inversions; (iv) improvements of transport models and the representation of photochemical sinks in top-down inversions; and (v) development of a 3D variational inversion system using isotopic and/or co-emitted species such as ethane to improve source partitioning.The data presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-CH4-2019 (Saunois et al., 2020) and from the Global Carbon Project.
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| 5. |
- Aaltonen, T., et al.
(författare)
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Combination of CDF and D0 measurements of the W boson helicity in top quark decays
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physical Review D. - 1550-7998 .- 1550-2368. ; 85:7, s. 071106-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the combination of recent measurements of the helicity of the W boson from top quark decay by the CDF and D0 collaborations, based on data samples corresponding to integrated luminosities of 2.7-5.4 fb(-1) of p (p) over bar collisions collected during Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron collider. Combining measurements that simultaneously determine the fractions of W bosons with longitudinal (f(0)) and right-handed (f(+)) helicities, we find f(0) = 0.722 +/- 0.081[+/- 0.062(stat) +/- 0.052(syst)] and f(+) = -0.033 +/- 0.046[+/- 0.034(stat) +/- 0.031(syst)]. Combining measurements where one of the helicity fractions is fixed to the value expected in the standard model, we find f(0) = 0.682 +/- 0.057[+/- 0.035(stat) +/- 0.046(syst)] for fixed f(+) and f(+) = -0.015 +/- 0.035[+/- 0.018(stat) +/- 0.030(syst)] for fixed f(0). The results are consistent with standard model expectations.
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| 6. |
- Aaltonen, T., et al.
(författare)
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Combination of Tevatron Searches for the Standard Model Higgs Boson in the W+W- Decay Mode
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 104:6, s. 061802-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We combine searches by the CDF and D0 Collaborations for a Higgs boson decaying to W+W-. The data correspond to an integrated total luminosity of 4.8 (CDF) and 5.4 (D0) fb(-1) of p (p) over bar collisions at root s = 1.96 TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. No excess is observed above background expectation, and resulting limits on Higgs boson production exclude a standard model Higgs boson in the mass range 162-166 GeV at the 95% C.L.
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| 7. |
- Abazov, V. M., et al.
(författare)
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Search for single top quarks in the tau plus jets channel using 4.8 fb(-1) of p(p)over-bar collision data
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 690:1, s. 5-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the first direct search for single top quark production using reconstructed tau leptons in the final state. The search is based on 4.8 fb(-1) of integrated luminosity collected in p (p) over bar collisions at root s= 1.96 TeV with the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. We select events with a final state including an isolated tau lepton. missing transverse energy, two or three jets, one or two of them being identified as b quark jet. We use a multivariate technique to discriminate signal from background. The number of events observed in data in this final state is consistent with the signal plus background expectation. We set in the tau + jets channel an upper limit on the single top quark cross section of 7.3 pb at the 95% C.L. This measurement allows a gain of 4% in expected sensitivity for the observation of single top production when combining it with electron + jets and muon + jets channels already published by the DO Collaboration with 2.3 fb(-1) of data. We measure a combined cross section of 3.84(-0.83)(+0.89) pb, which is the most precise measurement to date.
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| 8. |
- Duan, Dongban, et al.
(författare)
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Gadolinium Neutron Capture Reaction-Induced Nucleodynamic Therapy Potentiates Antitumor Immunity
- 2023
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Ingår i: CCS Chemistry. - : Chinese Chemical Society. - 2096-5745. ; 5:11, s. 2589-2602
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A nuclear reaction-induced dynamic therapy, denoted as nucleodynamic therapy (NDT), has been invented that triggers immunogenic cell death and successfully treats metastatic tumors due to its unexpected abscopal effect. Gadolinium neutron capture therapy (GdNCT) is binary radiotherapy based on a localized nuclear reaction that produces high-energy radiations (e.g., Auger electrons, γ-rays, etc.) in cancer cells when 157Gd is irradiated with thermal neutrons. Yet, its clinical application has been postponed due to the poor ability of Auger electrons and γ-rays to kill cells. Here, we engineered a 157Gd-porphyrin framework that synergizes GdNCT and dynamic therapy to efficiently produce both •OH and immunogenic 1O2 in cancer cells, thereby provoking a strong antitumor immune response. This study unveils the fact and mechanism that NDT heats tumor immunity. Another unexpected finding is that the Auger electron can be the most effective energy-transfer medium for radiation-induced activation of nanomedicines because its nanoscale trajectory perfectly matches the size of nanomaterials. In mouse tumor models, NDT causes nearly complete regression of both primary and distant tumor grafts. Thus, this 157Gd-porphyrin framework radioenhancer endows GdNCT with the exotic function of triggering dynamic therapy; its application may expand in clinics as a new radiotherapy modality that utilizes GdNCT to provoke whole-body antitumor immune response for treating metastases, which are responsible for 90% of all cancer deaths.
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| 9. |
- Gan, Yong, et al.
(författare)
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Association between alcohol consumption and the risk of stroke in middle-aged and older adults in China
- 2021
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Ingår i: Drug And Alcohol Dependence. - : Elsevier BV. - 0376-8716 .- 1879-0046. ; 229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between alcohol consumption and the prevalence of stroke in Chinese adults aged 40 years and over.Method: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 113,573 Chinese adults aged >= 40 years in the China National Stroke Prevention Project (2014-2015) to examine correlations of alcohol consumption with the prevalence of stroke. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), controlling for various confounders, e.g., gender, age, smoking, physical activity and other health conditions.Results: Within the study population, a total of 12,753 stroke survivors were identified. The prevalence of light to moderate and of heavy alcohol consumption was 10.1% and 5.7% respectively. The multivariate logistic regression results show that light to moderate alcohol consumption was associated with reduced risk of stroke of all types [0.91 (95%CI: 0.85-0.97)] and of ischemic stroke [0.90 (0.84-0.97)]. No association was found between alcohol consumption and hemorrhagic stroke. Compared with abstainers, the adjusted ORs of all stroke were 0.83 (0.75-0.92) for those who drank 11-20 years, and no association was found between 1 and 10 years or over 20 years of drinking and risk of stroke.Conclusions: These results indicate that light to moderate alcohol consumption may be protective against all and ischemic stroke, and heavy drinking was not significantly associated with risk of all stroke in China. No association between alcohol consumption and hemorrhagic stroke was found.
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| 10. |
- Gao, Zhu, et al.
(författare)
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Interfacial Ti-S Bond Modulated S-Scheme MOF/Covalent Triazine Framework Nanosheet Heterojunctions for Photocatalytic C-H Functionalization
- 2023
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Ingår i: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 62:27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Constructing photocatalyst systems to functionalize the inert C−H bonds has attracted extensive research interest. However, purposeful modulation of interfacial charge transfer in heterostructures remains a challenge, as it usually suffers from sluggish kinetics. Reported herein is an easy strategy to construct the heteroatom-induced interface for developing the titanium-organic frameworks (MOF-902) @ thiophene-based covalent triazine frameworks (CTF-Th) nanosheets S-scheme heterojunctions with controllable oxygen vacancies (OVs). Specifically, Ti atoms were first anchored onto the heteroatom site of CTF-Th nanosheets, and then grown into MOF-902 via an interfacial Ti−S linkage, generating OVs. Using in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the enhanced interfacial charge separation and transfer induced by moderate OVs in the pre-designed S-scheme nanosheets was validated. The heterostructures exhibited an improved efficiency in photocatalytic C3-acylation of indoles under mild conditions with a yield 8.2 times larger than pristine CTF-Th or MOF-902 and enabled an extended scope of substrates (15 examples). This performance is superior to state-of-the-art photocatalyst and can be retained, without significant loss, after 12 consecutive cycles.
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