| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Esbjörnsson, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Increased survival among HIV-1 and HIV-2 dual-infected individuals compared to HIV-1 single-infected individuals
- 2014
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Ingår i: AIDS. - 1473-5571. ; 28:7, s. 949-957
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To compare survival times of HIV-1 single and HIV-1 and HIV-2 dual-infected individuals. Design: Prospective open cohort study. Methods: We analysed data from 259 HIV-1-seroincident cases (either HIV-1 single or HIV-1 and HIV-2 dual-infected) from a cohort with long follow-up (similar to 20 years) in order to study the influence of type of infection and infection order on mortality. Sex and age at HIV-1 infection date was controlled for in a Cox proportional-hazards model. Results: Dual-infected individuals had a 42% longer time from HIV-1 infection to death compared with single-infected individuals, adjusting for age asymmetries between groups. Dual-infected individuals with an HIV-2 infection preceding the HIV-1 infection had a more than two-fold lower mortality risk during follow-up than HIV-1 single-infected individuals. Conclusion: Survival time is longer and the risk of progression to death is lower among HIV-1 and HIV-2 dual-infected individuals compared to HIV-1 single-infected individuals. This natural inhibition could have implications for the development of future HIV-1 vaccines and therapeutics.
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| 3. |
- Esbjörnsson, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Inhibition of HIV-1 disease progression by contemporaneous HIV-2 infection.
- 2012
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Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 367:3, s. 224-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Progressive immune dysfunction and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop in most persons with untreated infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) but in only approximately 20 to 30% of persons infected with HIV type 2 (HIV-2); among persons infected with both types, the natural history of disease progression is poorly understood. METHODS: We analyzed data from 223 participants who were infected with HIV-1 after enrollment (with either HIV-1 infection alone or HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection) in a cohort with a long follow-up duration (approximately 20 years), according to whether HIV-2 infection occurred first, the time to the development of AIDS (time to AIDS), CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts, and measures of viral evolution. RESULTS: The median time to AIDS was 104 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 75 to 133) in participants with dual infection and 68 months (95% CI, 60 to 76) in participants infected with HIV-1 only (P=0.003). CD4+ T-cell levels were higher and CD8+ T-cell levels increased at a lower rate among participants with dual infection, reflecting slower disease progression. Participants with dual infection with HIV-2 infection preceding HIV-1 infection had the longest time to AIDS and highest levels of CD4+ T-cell counts. HIV-1 genetic diversity was significantly lower in participants with dual infections than in those with HIV-1 infection alone at similar time points after infection. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that HIV-1 disease progression is inhibited by concomitant HIV-2 infection and that dual infection is associated with slower disease progression. The slower rate of disease progression was most evident in participants with dual infection in whom HIV-2 infection preceded HIV-1 infection. These findings could have implications for the development of HIV-1 vaccines and therapeutics. (Funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency-Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries and others.).
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| 4. |
- Norrgren, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Higher mortality in HIV-2/HTLV-1 co-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, compared to HIV-2-positive HTLV-1-negative patients.
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-3511 .- 1201-9712. ; May 4, s. 142-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) on CD4 counts and mortality in tuberculosis (TB) patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS: A prospective study on 280 hospitalized patients with pulmonary TB was performed in Guinea-Bissau, 1994-1997, including HIV, CD4 counts and clinical outcome. We compared the CD4 count levels at the time of inclusion between HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients, with or without HTLV-1. Mortality was determined while patients were on treatment for TB. RESULTS: Median CD4% was significantly higher in HIV-positive subjects co-infected with HTLV-1 compared to HTLV-1-negative patients. Two hundred thirty-three individuals were included in the analysis of mortality, and among HIV-negative subjects the mortality was 18.6/100 person-years . In HIV-2-positive HTLV-1-negative subjects the mortality was 39.5/100 person-years and in HIV-2/HTLV-1 co-infected patients it was 113.6/100 person-years (adjusted mortality rate ratio 4.7, 95% CI 1.5-14.4; p < 0.01). When all HIV-positive patients were analyzed together, corresponding mortality rates were 53.5/100 person-years and 104.8/100 person-years , respectively (not significant). CONCLUSIONS: HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected patients hospitalized for pulmonary TB had a high mortality and had significantly higher CD4% compared to only HIV-positive subjects. This may imply that HTLV-1 has an adverse effect on the immune system in HIV-infected subjects, independently of the CD4 count, that makes co-infected subjects more vulnerable to TB.
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| 5. |
- Norrgren, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Increased prevalence of HTLV-1 in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis coinfected with HIV, but not in HIV-negative patients with tuberculosis
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. - Philadelphia, PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1525-4135 .- 1944-7884. ; 48:5, s. 607-610
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Few and inconclusive results have been presented regarding the influence of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection on the risk of acquiring tuberculosis (TB). Methods: In 1994-1997, we performed a prospective study on hospitalized adult patients with pulmonary TB in Guinea-Bissau and compared the clinical outcome in HIV-2 and HIV-negative patients. We determined the prevalence of HTLV-1 in all patients screened and diagnosed with TB in that study and compared the infection rate with a serosurvey of HTLV-1 in a population sample from a community-based study conducted at the same time and in the same city. Results: In the TB group, a total of 32 (11.4%) of 280 patients were positive for HTLV-1. This was significantly higher compared with the population-based group in which 74 (3.5%) of 2117 were HTLV-1 positive [crude odds ratio (OR) = 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2 to 5.6, P < 0.001]. However, in a logistic regression analysis controlling for age, gender, and HIV result, the difference was no longer significant (OR = 1.61; 95% CI 0.95 to 2.70, P = 0.074). In HIV-negative patients, no association was found between HTLV-1 and TB (OR = 1.18; 95% CI 0.48 to 2.89, P = 0.71), whereas a significant association was found in HIV-positive patients (OR = 2.41; 95% CI 1.26 to 4.61, P = 0.008). Conclusions: The immunosuppressive effect of HTLV-1 alone was not enough to increase the risk of TB in a highly endemic country, but HTLV-1 increased the risk of TB among HIV-infected individuals.
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| 6. |
- Nowroozalizadeh, Salma, et al.
(författare)
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Microbial Translocation Correlates with the Severity of Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1537-6613 .- 0022-1899. ; 201:8, s. 1150-1154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microbial translocation has been linked to systemic immune activation during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection. Here, we show that an elevated level of microbial translocation, measured as plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, correlates with AIDS in both individuals infected with HIV type 1 and individuals infected with HIV type 2. LPS concentration also correlates with CD4(+) T cell count and viral load independently of HIV type. Furthermore, elevated plasma LPS concentration was found to be concomitant with defective innate and mitogen responsiveness. We suggest that microbial translocation may contribute to loss of CD4(+) T cells, increase in viral load, and defective immune stimuli responsiveness during both HIV type 1 and HIV type 2 infections.
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| 7. |
- Nowroozalizadeh, Salma, et al.
(författare)
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Reply to Redd et al
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1537-6613 .- 0022-1899. ; 203:5, s. 746-746
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
- Nowroozalizadeh, Salma, et al.
(författare)
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Studies on toll-like receptor stimuli responsiveness in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections
- 2009
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Ingår i: Cytokine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1096-0023 .- 1043-4666. ; 46:3, s. 325-331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: HIV-1 and HIV-2 are two related viruses with distinct clinical outcomes, where HIV-1 is more pathogenic and transmissible than HIV-2. The pathogenesis of both infections is influenced by the dysregulation and deterioration of the adaptive immune system. However, their effects on the responsiveness of innate immunity are less well known. Here, we report on toll-like receptor (TLR) stimuli responsiveness in HIV-1 or HIV-2 infections. Methods: Whole blood from 235 individuals living in Guinea-Bissau who were uninfected, infected with HIV-1, infected with HIV-2, and/or infected with HTLV-1, was stimulated with TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists, R-848 and unmethylated CpG DNA. After TLR7/8 and TLR9 stimuli, the expression levels of IL-12 and IFN-alpha were related to gender, age, infection status, CD4(+) T cell counts. and plasma viral load. Results: Defective TLR9 responsiveness was observed in the advanced disease stage, along with CD4(+) T cell loss in both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. Moreover, TLR7/8 responsiveness was reduced in HIV-1 infected individuals compared with uninfected controls. Conclusions: Innate immunity responsiveness can be monitored by whole blood stimulation. Both advanced HIVA and HIV-2 infections may cause innate immunity dysregulation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Palm, Angelica, et al.
(författare)
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Co-circulation of several similar but unique HIV-1 recombinant forms in Guinea-Bissau revealed by near full-length genomic sequencing.
- 2015
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Ingår i: AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. - 1931-8405. ; 31:9, s. 938-945
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dynamic HIV-1 epidemic has resulted in the emergence of several different subtypes and recombinant forms that may differ in biological properties. A recombinant form of CRF02_AG and sub-subtype A3 (A3/02) was recently described based on env sequencing and associated with faster disease progression rates compared with its parental strains. Here, we performed near full-length sequencing of the A3/02 variant to characterize the recombination patterns of a potential novel and more pathogenic circulating recombinant form of HIV-1 in Guinea-Bissau.
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| 10. |
- Özkaya Sahin, Gülsen, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Complement on HIV-2 Plasma Antiviral Activity Is Intratype Specific and Potent
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Virology. - 1098-5514. ; 87:1, s. 273-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (HIV-2) infected individuals develop immunodeficiency with a considerable delay and transmit the virus at a lower rate as compared to HIV-1 infected. Conceivably, comparative studies on immune responsiveness of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected hosts may help to explain differences in pathogenesis and transmission between the two types of infection. Previous studies have shown that the neutralizing antibody response is more potent and broader in HIV-2 than HIV-1 infection. In the present study we have further examined the function of the humoral immune response and studied the potentiating effect of complement (C') on antiviral activity of plasma from singly HIV-1 or HIV-2 infected, as well as HIV-1/HIV-2 dually infected individuals. Neutralization and antibody-dependent complement-mediated inactivation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates were tested in a plaque reduction assay using U87.CD4-CCR5 cells. Results showed that addition of C' increased intra-type antiviral activity of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 plasma, although the C' effect was more pronounced with HIV-2 than HIV-1 plasma. Using the area-under-curve (AUC)-based readout, multivariate statistical analysis confirmed that type of HIV infection was independently associated with the magnitude of the C' effect. Analysis carried out with purified IgG indicated that the C' effect was largely exerted through the classical C' pathway involving IgG in both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. In summary, these findings suggest that antibody binding to HIV-2 structures facilitates efficient use of C', and may thereby be one factor contributing to a strong antiviral activity present in HIV-2 infection.
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