| 1. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
-
Eye movements play an active role when visuospatial information is recalled from memory
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Vision. ; 12:9
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whilst it has been established that spontaneous eye movements occur with visual imagery and that they are comparable with those from an original scene inspection (e.g., Brandt & Stark, 1997; Johansson, Holsanova, & Holmqvist, 2006), the exact purpose of these eye movements has been a hot topic of debate (cf., Ferreira et al., 2008; Richardson et al., 2009). Do they have an active and functional role in memory retrieval or are they merely an epiphenomenon? In a recent study we reported that when eye movements were prohibited for participants who orally described pictures from memory, their recollections became altered and impaired (Johansson, Holsanova, Dewhurst, & Holmqvist, (in press). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance). The current study was designed as a follow-up, aiming to uncover exactly how imposing different eye movements on participants affects memory retrieval processes. Eye movements were recorded from participants who recalled properties and spatial arrangements of sets of objects under four different manipulations: (1) free viewing on a blank screen; (2) gazing at a fixation cross; (3) looking at an area which was matched with the original locations of the objects to be recalled; (4) looking at an area which did not match the original locations of the objects to be recalled. By restricting eye movements in different ways during recall, we demonstrate the sensitivity of retrieval performance to specific eye movement manipulations. Results provide evidence that eye movements do have an active and supportive role when visuospatial information is recalled by highlighting the circumstances under which a visual memory is hampered. Additionally, findings suggest that the influence of "eye movements to nothing" is primarily related to the processing and retrieval of spatial information.
|
|
| 2. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
-
Eye movements to “nothing” have an active role when arrangements of objects are retrieved from memory
- 2012
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several studies have reported that spontaneous eye movements occur with visual imagery and that they closely reflect content and spatial relations from an original picture or scene (e.g., Brandt & Stark, 1997; Spivey & Geng, 2001; Johansson, Holsanova, & Holmqvist, 2006). Nevertheless, the exact purpose of these eye movements to “nothing” is elusive and has currently been the target of a hot topic of debate (cf., Ferreira et al., 2008; Richardson et al., 2009). Do they have an active and functional role when visuospatial memories are retrieved or are they merely an epiphenomenon? In a recent study we reported that when eye movements were prohibited for participants who orally described pictures from memory, their recollections became altered and impaired (Johansson, Holsanova, Dewhurst, & Holmqvist, 2011). The current study was designed as a follow-up, with the purpose to uncover exactly how imposing different eye movements on participants affect memory retrieval of visuospatial memories. Eye movements were recorded – using a SMI RED 500-system – from 16 participants during an experiment where sets of objects were visually encoded and subsequently retrieved from memory. In the encoding phase, the participants encoded 24 objects in different locations on a computer screen. In the retrieval phase, they listened to pre-recorded spoken statements that either dealt with a property of an object – intra-object – or with the spatial arrangement between two objects – inter-object. The participants were instructed to orally decide whether those statements were true (by saying ‘yes’) or false (by saying ‘no’). The retrieval phase was divided into blocks of four different conditions: (1) free viewing on a blank screen; (2) gazing at a fixation cross; (3) looking at an area which was matched with the original location of the object(s) to be recalled; (4) looking at an area which did not match the original location of the object(s) to be recalled. Over the entire experiment each participant responded to 192 statements. The data was analyzed within-subjects over the four conditions in respect to reaction time (RT) for correct responses. The eye movement data was used to verify if the participants were able to comply in the conditions when they were restricted to look at the fixation cross or inside the matched/non-matched area. If not, those trials were excluded. Results revealed a significant main effect for RT in regard to inter-object statements but not for intra-object statements. Post-hoc comparisons revealed that looking at the fixation cross and looking at the area which did not match the original location of the objects to be retrieved yielded significantly longer RT when compared to free viewing and looking at the area which matched the original location of the objects to be retrieved. Consequently, these results demonstrate that eye movements to “nothing” do indeed have an active and supportive role when visuospatial information is retrieved from memory and show that those eye movements primarily influence processes that integrate spatial properties between objects.
|
|
| 3. |
- Holsanova, Jana, et al.
(författare)
-
Lund Eye Tracking Studies in Research on Language and Cognition
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Slovo a slovesnost. - 0037-7031. ; 71:4, s. 317-328
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The research group from Humanities laboratory at Lund University, Sweden, presents three strands of research on language and cognition where eye-tracking methodology has been used as a window on the mind. The paper includes: (1) eye tracking studies on picture viewing and picture description showing the dynamics of how speakers perceive, conceptualize and spontaneously describe complex visual scenes on higher levels of discourse, (2) studies using a combination of eye tracking and spoken scene descriptions to study mental imagery and to track the ability of “seeing something in the mind’s eye”, and (3) eye tracking studies conducted in order to study ’thinking for speaking’ and linguistic diversity by investigating language-specific cognitive effects. The paper ends with a visionary outlook for future applications of eye tracking methodology in the study of language and cognition.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
-
Eye Movements During Mental Imagery are Not Reenactments of Perception
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Cognition in Flux. - Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Portland, Oregon. ; s. 1968-1973
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study eye movements were recorded for participants in three different conditions. All three conditions consisted of a perception phase and an imagery phase. The imagery phase was similar for all conditions, i.e. participants looked freely at a blank white screen. But the perception phase was different for each condition. In a control condition participants looked freely at a complex picture. In the first experimental condition they looked at another complex picture but maintained fixation at the center of the picture. In the second experimental condition they maintained central fixation while listening to a verbal scene description. The results revealed that despite central fixation during perception in the two central gaze conditions, participants’ eye movements were spread out during imagery and reflected spatial positions and directions of the picture or scene. These results contradict the assumption that eye movements during imagery are reenactments of perception.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
-
Eye movements during visual imagery have a functional role and are related to individual differences in spatial imagery ability
- 2011
-
Ingår i: In B. Kokinov, A. Karmiloff-Smith, & N. J. Nersessian (Eds.), European perspectives on cognitive science: Proceedings of the European conference on cognitive science EuroCogSci 2011. Sofia: New Bulgarian University Press..
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated eye movements during visual imagery, under two experimental conditions. Participants recalled complex pictures from memory while looking at a blank screen under a condition of free viewing and under a condition where fixation was maintained in the centre of the screen. The recall task was to orally describe the picture. Results showed that, under the condition of free viewing, eye movements spread out and closely reflected content and spatial information from the recalled picture. However, the degree and amplitude of this effect varied among individuals and had a negative correlation with spatial imagery ability. Maintaining central fixation during recall affected and impaired pictorial recall. Descriptions focused significantly more on global and general aspects of the picture than on specific elements and spatial relations, when compared with the free viewing condition. These findings have important implications for visuo-spatial reasoning, mental models and spatial cognition in general.
|
|
| 9. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
-
Pictures and spoken descriptions elicit similar eye movements during mental imagery, both in light and in complete darkness
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Cognitive science. - Lawrence Erlbaum Association Inc. - 0364-0213. ; 30:6, s. 1053-1079
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study provides evidence that eye movements reflect the positions of objects while participants listen to a spoken description, retell a previously heard spoken description, and describe a previously seen picture. This effect is equally strong in retelling from memory, irrespective of whether the original elicitation was spoken or visual. In addition, this effect occurs both while watching a blank white board and while sitting in complete darkness. This study includes 4 experiments. The first 2 experiments measured eye movements of participants looking at a blank white board. Experiment I monitors eye movements of participants on 2 occasions: first, when participants listened to a prerecorded spoken scene description; second, when participants were later retelling it from memory. Experiment 2 first monitored eye movements of participants as they studied a complex picture visually, and then later as they described it from memory. The second pair of experiments (Experiments 3 and 4) replicated Experiments I and 2 with the only difference being that they were executed in complete darkness. This method of analysis differentiated between eye movements that are categorically correct relative to the positions of the whole eye gaze pattern (global correspondence) and eye movements that are only locally correct (local correspondence). The discussion relates the findings to the current debate on mental imagery.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
