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- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
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Foreign trade and declining pollution in Sweden: a decomposition analysis of long-term structural and technological effects
- 2006
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - Elsevier Science Ltd.. - 0301-4215. ; 34:13, s. 1590-1599
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines whether there exists any causal relationship between foreign trade and declining pollution in developed countries. In other words, do developed countries outsource their problems to less developed countries rather than solve them? The case study is the Swedish economy and the two environmental indicators employed are energy consumption and CO2 emissions. No causal relationships are found, since Sweden has long been a net exporter of embodied energy and CO2 and continues to be so after 1970, when energy consumption stabilizes and CO, emissions decline. In addition, the ratios of net exported energy and CO2 to total consumption remain stable, which means there were no effects on the energy intensity or CO, intensity either. These results suggest that internal forces, like efficiency improvements, changed consumption patterns and transformation of the energy system, have been crucial for relative environmental improvement in Sweden, while foreign trade has played no role. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish business research productivity
- 2011
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Ingår i: Industrial and Corporate Change. - Oxford University Press. - 0960-6491. ; 20:4, s. 1081-1118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden experienced an increase in the ratio of granted patents to research and development spending (R&D) between 1989 and 1998, a period when R&D spending grew rapidly. The ratio of patents granted to R&D spending (research productivity) increased by 40% over the period, and the ratio of quality-adjusted patents to R&D exhibited an even more impressive increase of 60%. Sectors with especially high research productivity and quality-adjusted research productivity include low and medium technology manufacturing, chemicals and transportation. However, the growth in quality-adjusted research productivity was primarily generated by the high-tech pharmaceuticals and electronics industries. The service-based sectors experienced a significant increase in R&D spending over the period, but the research productivity decreased.
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| 7. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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The R&D-growth paradox arises in fast-growing sectors
- 2011
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - Elsevier Science BV. - 0048-7333. ; 40:5, s. 664-672
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several notions of a R&D paradox can be found in the literature. In the Swedish Paradox version, the emphasis is normally on high and growing levels of business R&D connected to comparatively low GDP growth rates. This paper examines whether this pattern is consistent over time and, more importantly, which sectors drive the aggregate patterns. Based on an investigation of the entire Swedish economy 1985-2001, there is clear evidence that the paradox occurs only in fast-growing manufacturing and service sectors. Fast-growing sectors show an increasing gap between R&D and value-added growth, while the slow-growing sectors do not. This paradox is not interpreted as a sign of failure of the national innovation system, as the largest gap would then be for the slow-growing sectors, failing to transform R&D to economic growth. The gap between R&D and GDP is consistent with the idea of diminishing marginal returns to R&D investment in high-investing sectors. The evidence does not rule out, however, that rendering the innovation system more effective could yield better outcomes. As the findings of a gap are quite consistent over time, it seems fair to conclude that businesses have good reasons for their high R&D investments, despite not being on par with their production growth. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish Paradox
- 2006
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Ingår i: CIRCLE Working Paper WP2006/01.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt)
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