| 1. |
- Backman, Ylva, et al.
(författare)
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Ethics in school from moral development to children's conceptions of justice
- 2009
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Ingår i: Thinking Aloud - Philosophy and democracy in schools.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- A main issue in Swedish school debate is the question of how to teach the student a common value system based on democracy and western humanism. The debate is rather intense, to say the least. Not only is the premise that there exists one value system that we share a target for critique, but there is also the question of what value education is or could be. There is, as well, quite a body of research on children's moral development, where many take as their departure the work of Kohlberg. However, there has been little or no attention on how the individual learner conceptualizes and makes meaning out of ethical issues. That is, descriptions of processes. In this paper we will present what we take to be urgent questions that need to be investigated against the background of prior research and practical work at Södra teatern in Stockholm, Sweden. For eight years in a row, Södra teatern has had as a main project to lead a practice on the subject of philosophy with children. Several groups of youths in the age of nine to eighteen have regularly met to discuss philosophical thoughts and problems, which in a democratic manner are settled for discussion by the participants. Today this philosophical practice has spread to the north of Sweden. In Backman's final exam within the teacher education she has explored the development of children's (7‐8 years old) ability to argue for different ethical positions, both verbally and in writing and painting. This practice has been inspired by the tradition at Södra teatern, but customized to fit a regular school class in Luleå, with very little experience of philosophical discussion. In the very short period of five weeks Backman has been able to see quite significant changes in the children's ability to argue for their ethical positions. The study was initiated by examining some argumentative abilities of the pupils, for instance the ability of expressing an argument for an ethical position in writing. In the final part of the study, the same ability was examined in very similarcircumstances, and the augment of expressed arguments in writing was significant. Another consideration that was raised as a consequence of the study regards the pupil's conceptualizing of ethical issues. In some conversations about the notion of justice it became clear that children interpreted the term very differently. This is not very surprising but important to pay further attention to. As mentioned earlier, there has been very little attention on how individual children conceptualize ethical issues. In this paper we argue that more interest should be put on investigating these issues in more depth, and we will do this by an outlining of a research application.
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| 2. |
- Gardelli, Viktor, et al.
(författare)
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Ethics in school a study of the foundation and methods for value communication
- 2009
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Ingår i: Thinking Aloud - Philosophy and democracy in schools.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- This article is about a coming project concerning a coherentist approach to ethics in school. The project has two main parts; one theoretical and one empirical. The former focuses on philosophical problems and issues concerning coherentism as a metaethical position in general, and particularly when applied to the field of value education, and the latter aims to study some consequences of a coherentist approach to the study of discussing ethical matters with children. Metaethical coherentism is a position in the discussion about justification of moral judgements. According to coherentism, we build some kind of web in which different moral judgements are connected by some justification‐relation or the like. Some judgements might be more central than others, but these can be justified by the more particular and peripheral ones, and vice versa. Coherentism differs from foundationalism, according to which there are some foundational judgements that are not justified by any other judgements. The rest of our judgements are justified if they are justified by this foundation. We wish to study what benefits a coherentist approach might have in the study of ethical discussions in school. In Sweden, the educational system has as one of its main purposes to mediate a "value foundation" based on "Christian ethical tradition and western humanism" to the pupils. Suppose now that you have a foundationalist approach to ethical discussion in schools, as many seem to have had historically, and that some pupil expresses the judgement that some of his classmates have a lower value than him, due to the colour of their skin. This judgement conflicts with the judgement that the colour of ones skin does not have any bearing of ones value, included in the value foundation of the school. According to a foundationalist, we here have a conflict between foundational values, or so we can suppose. In this case, there is nothing obvious to do to resolve this conflict, because the foundational values cannot be justified; it is supposed that we simply realise the correctness of them by our moral intuition, or the like. A coherentist, on the other side, could point to how these two different judgements gain different amount of justification from other judgements, and thereby hopefully find consensus, and hence dissolve the conflict. Coherentism is not theoretically unproblematic, though. One problem is how to understand the justification‐relation. What does it mean that two propositions justify each other? Philosophers have discussed several different proposals. We give a new proposal, based on some of Arne Naess' theories. With regard to methods for ethical discussion in relation to a coherentistic approach, it seems as a "philosophy with children" approach will seem as a natural choice.
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| 3. |
- Gjörloff Wingren, Anette, et al.
(författare)
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Protein expression and cellular localization in two prognostic subgroups of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma:
- 2007
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Ingår i: Leukemia Lymphoma;11. - InformaWorld. - 1042-8194. ; 48:11, s. 2221-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) show varying responses to conventional therapy, and this might be contributed to the differentiation stage of the tumor B-cells. The aim of the current study was to evaluate a panel of kinases (ZAP70, PKC-beta I and II and phosphorylated PKB/Akt) and phosphatases (PTEN, SHP1 and SHP2) known to be frequently deregulated in lymphoid malignancies. De novo DLBCL cases were divided into two subgroups, the germinal center (GC) group (14/28) and the non-germinal center (non-GC) or activated B-cell (ABC) group (14/28). ZAP70 and PKC-beta II were expressed in a significantly higher percentage of tumor cells in the clinically more aggressive non-GC group compared with the prognostically favourable GC group. Also, the subcellular localization of PKC-beta I and II differed in DLBCL cells, with the PKC-beta I isoform being expressed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, while PKC-beta II was found exclusively in the cytoplasm. Loss of nuclear PTEN correlated with poor survival in cases from both subgroups. In addition, five cell lines of DLBCL origin were analyzed for protein expression and for mRNA levels of PTEN and SHP1. For the first time, we show that ZAP70 is expressed in a higher percentage of tumor cells in the aggressive non-GC subgroup of DLBCL and that PKC-beta I and II are differently distributed in the two prognostic subgroups of de novo DLBCL.
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| 4. |
- Berntsson, Thore, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Towards Sustainabel Oil Refinery - Pre-study for larger co-operation project
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- In this report, the Chalmers EnergiCentrum (CEC) presents the results of a pre-study commissioned by Preem relating to the effective production of future vehicle fuels. This pre-study was made up of three studies focusing on energy streamlining, the utilisation of waste heat and carbon-dioxide separation and biorefinement relating to the gasification and hydration of vegetable oils. One of the common starting points for these studies was the current situation at the Preem refineries in Göteborg and Lysekil from where the measurement data were obtained and analysed. The report summarises the knowledge situation based on current research in the individual technical fields. The results present some interesting future opportunities for developing the sustainable production of future vehicle fuels. The sections vary, as the areas that have been examined differ and the sections have been written by different people. The reports ends with some joint conclusions and a number of questions which could be included and answered in a more extensive future main study, as part of a developed research partnership between Preem and the Chalmers University of Technology. The preliminary results of this work were analysed with the client at workshops on 1 October and 29 November 2007. The report is written in English combined with an extensive summary in Swedish including a proposal on a future main study. The study was conducted by the Chalmers EnergiCentrum (CEC), in collaboration with a number of researchers in the CEC’s network. They included Thore Berntsson, Jessica Algehed, Erik Hektor and Lennart Persson Elmeroth, all from Heat and Power Technology, Börje Gevert, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tobias Richards, Forest Products and Chemical Engineering, Filip Johnsson and Anders Lyngfelt, Energy Technology, and Per-Åke Franck and Anders Åsblad, CIT Industriell Energianalys AB. The client, Preem, was represented by Bengt Ahlén, Sören Eriksson, Johan Jervehed, Bertil Karlsson, Gunnar Olsson, Ulf Kuylenstierna, Stefan Nyström, Martin Sjöberg and Thomas Ögren. Tobias Richards was responsible for compiling the report and Bertil Pettersson was the project manager.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Ljung, Patric, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Full Body Virtual Autopsies Using A State-of-the-art Volume Rendering Pipeline
- 2006
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. - 1077-2626. ; 12:5, s. 869-876
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- This paper presents a procedure for virtual autopsies based on interactive 3D visualizations of large scale, high resolutiondata from CT-scans of human cadavers. The procedure is described using examples from forensic medicine and the added valueand future potential of virtual autopsies is shown from a medical and forensic perspective. Based on the technical demands ofthe procedure state-of-the-art volume rendering techniques are applied and refined to enable real-time, full body virtual autopsiesinvolving gigabyte sized data on standard GPUs. The techniques applied include transfer function based data reduction using levelof-detail selection and multi-resolution rendering techniques. The paper also describes a data management component for large,out-of-core data sets and an extension to the GPU-based raycaster for efficient dual TF rendering. Detailed benchmarks of thepipeline are presented using data sets from forensic cases.
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| 7. |
- Lundin (Palmerius), Karljohan, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Enabling design and interactive selection of haptic modes
- 2007
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Ingår i: Virtual Reality. - 1359-4338.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ever increasing size and complexity of volumetric data in a wide range of disciplines makes it useful to augment volume visualization tools with alternative modalities. Studies have shown that introducing haptics can significantly increase both exploration speed and precision. It is also capable of conveying material properties of data and thus has great potential to improve user performance in volume data exploration. In this paper we describe how recent advances in volume haptics can be used to build haptic modes-building blocks for haptic schemes. These modes have been used as base components of a toolkit allowing for more efficient development of haptic prototypes and applications. This toolkit allows interactive construction, configuration and fine-tuning of both visual and haptic representations of the data. The technology is also used in a pilot study to determine the most important issues and aspects in haptic volume data interaction and exploration, and how the use of haptic modes can facilitate the implementation of effective haptic schemes.
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| 8. |
- Lundström, Claes, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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The alpha-histogram: Using Spatial Coherence to Enhance Histograms and Transfer Function Design
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings Eurographics/IEEE Symposium on Visualization 2006, Lisbon, Portugal. ; s. 227-234
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- The high complexity of Transfer Function (TF) design is a major obstacle to widespread routine use of Direct Volume Rendering, particularly in the case of medical imaging. Both manual and automatic TF design schemes would benefit greatly from a fast and simple method for detection of tissue value ranges. To this end, we introduce the a-histogram, an enhancement that amplifies ranges corresponding to spatially coherent materials. The properties of the a-histogram have been explored for synthetic data sets and then successfully used to detect vessels in 20 Magnetic Resonance angiographies, proving the potential of this approach as a fast and simple technique for histogram enhancement in general and for TF construction in particular.
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| 9. |
- Lundström, Claes, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Uncertainty Visualization in Medical Volume Rendering Using Probabilistic Animation
- 2007
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. - 1077-2626. ; 13:6, s. 1648-1655
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Direct volume rendering has proved to be an effective visualization method for medical data sets and has reached wide-spread clinical use. The diagnostic exploration, in essence, corresponds to a tissue classification task, which is often complex and time-consuming. Moreover, a major problem is the lack of information on the uncertainty of the classification, which can have dramatic consequences for the diagnosis. In this paper this problem is addressed by proposing animation methods to convey uncertainty in the rendering. The foundation is a probabilistic Transfer Function model which allows for direct user interaction with the classification. The rendering is animated by sampling the probability domain over time, which results in varying appearance for uncertain regions. A particularly promising application of this technique is a "sensitivity lens" applied to focus regions in the data set. The methods have been evaluated by radiologists in a study simulating the clinical task of stenosis assessment, in which the animation technique is shown to outperform traditional rendering in terms of assessment accuracy.
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| 10. |
- Nilsson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral interference and facilitation in the foraging cycle shape the functional response
- 2007
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Ingår i: Behavioral Ecology. - Oxford University Press. - 1045-2249 .- 1465-7279. ; 18:2, s. 354-357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individual forager behaviors should affect per capita intake rates and thereby population and consumer-resource properties. We consider and incorporate conspecific facilitation and interference during the separate foraging-cycle stages in a functional response model that links individual behavioral interactions with consumer-resource processes. Our analyses suggest that failing to properly consider and include all effects of behavioral interactions on foraging-cycle stage performances may either over- or underestimate effects of interactions on the shape of both functional responses and predator zero-growth isoclines. Incorporation of prey- and predator-dependent interactions among foragers in the model produces predator isoclines with potentials for highly complex consumer-resource dynamics. Facilitation and interference during the foraging cycle are therefore suggested as potent behavioral mechanisms to cause patterns of community dynamics. We emphasize that correct estimations of interaction-mediated foraging-cycle efficiencies should be considered in empirical and theoretical attempts to further our understanding of the mechanistic link between social behaviors and higher order processes.
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