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- Maringe, Camille, et al.
(författare)
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Stage at diagnosis and colorectal cancer survival in six high-income countries : A population-based study of patients diagnosed during 2000-2007
- 2013
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Ingår i: Acta Oncologica. - 0284-186X. ; 52:5, s. 919-932
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundLarge international differences in colorectal cancer survival exist, even between countries with similar healthcare. We investigate the extent to which stage at diagnosis explains these differences.MethodsData from population-based cancer registries in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the UK were analysed for 313 852 patients diagnosed with colon or rectal cancer during 2000-2007. We compared the distributions of stage at diagnosis. We estimated both stage-specific net survival and the excess hazard of death up to three years after diagnosis, using flexible parametric models on the log-cumulative excess hazard scale.ResultsInternational differences in colon and rectal cancer stage distributions were wide: Denmark showed a distribution skewed towards later-stage disease, while Australia, Norway and the UK showed high proportions of 'regional' disease. One-year colon cancer survival was 67% in the UK and ranged between 71% (Denmark) and 80% (Australia and Sweden) elsewhere. For rectal cancer, one-year survival was also low in the UK (75%), compared to 79% in Denmark and 82-84% elsewhere. International survival differences were also evident for each stage of disease, with the UK showing consistently lowest survival at one and three years.ConclusionDifferences in stage at diagnosis partly explain international differences in colorectal cancer survival, with a more adverse stage distribution contributing to comparatively low survival in Denmark. Differences in stage distribution could arise because of differences in diagnostic delay and awareness of symptoms, or in the thoroughness of staging procedures. Nevertheless, survival differences also exist for each stage of disease, suggesting unequal access to optimal treatment, particularly in the UK.
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- Viklund, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of sulphur containing additive on initial corrosion of superheater tubes in waste fired boiler
- 2009
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Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X. ; 44:3, s. 234-240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The major drawback to generating electricity from waste fired boilers is the rapid corrosion of superheaters which increases the maintenance costs. Within the last few years, it has been shown that additions of ammonium sulphate to biomass fired boilers decrease the corrosion tendencies. This paper reports on the effects of ammonium sulphate on corrosion in a waste fired CFB boiler. Air cooled probes were exposed at a position corresponding to the one of superheater tubes. The probe temperature was 500 degrees C, corresponding to a steam temperature of similar to 450 degrees C. Both the austenitic steel EN1.4301 (Fe-18Cr-9Ni) and the low alloyed ferritic steel EN1.7380 (Fe-2.25Cr-1Mo) were tested. During exposure, the concentration of alkali chlorides in the flue gas was measured and a decrease was observed when adding ammonium sulphate. After 4 h of exposure, the probes were removed for detailed analysis with SEM-EDS, TOF-SIMS and XRD. The sides of the tubes facing the flue gas were covered with a calcium rich deposit, while relatively more sodium and potassium were present on the lee side. The results also show that ammonium sulphate shifted the deposit composition from chloride rich and highly corrosive, to one significantly less corrosive and dominated by sulphates of sodium, potassium and calcium. Metallography shows a marked difference in corrosion attack between the two steels. Iron chlorides accumulate at the metal/oxide interface of the ferritic steel, while the amounts of iron chlorides were significantly lower in the austenitic steel. These results indicate that ammonium sulphate has the potential to reduce corrosion in waste fired boilers and that austenitic stainless steels are more likely to resist corrosion in these environments than low alloyed ferritic steels.
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