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| 2. |
- Beauchamp, Jonathan P, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular Genetics and Economics
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Perspectives. - : American Economic Association. - 0895-3309. ; 25:4, s. 57-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The costs of comprehensively genotyping human subjects have fallen to the point where major funding bodies, even in the social sciences, are beginning to incorporate genetic and biological markers into major social surveys. How, if at all, should economists use and combine molecular genetic and economic data from these surveys? What challenges arise when analyzing genetically informative data? To illustrate, we present results from a “genome-wide association study” of educational attainment. We use a sample of 7,500 individuals from the Framingham Heart Study; our dataset contains over 360,000 genetic markers per person. We get some initially promising results linking genetic markers to educational attainment, but these fail to replicate in a second large sample of 9,500 people from the Rotterdam Study. Unfortunately such failure is typical in molecular genetic studies of this type, so the example is also cautionary. We discuss a number of methodological challenges that face researchers who use molecular genetics to reliably identify genetic associates of economic traits. Our overall assessment is cautiously optimistic: this new data source has potential in economics. But researchers and consumers of the genoeconomic literature should be wary of the pitfalls, most notably the difficulty of doing reliable inference when faced with multiple hypothesis problems on a scale never before encountered in social science.
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| 3. |
- Dawes, Christopher T, et al.
(författare)
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The Relationship Between Genes, Psychological Traits, and Political Participation
- 2014
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Ingår i: American Journal of Political Science. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0092-5853 .- 1540-5907. ; 58:4, s. 888-903
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research demonstrates that a wide range of political attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors canbe explained in part by genetic variation. However, these studies have not yet identied themechanisms that generate such a relationship. Some scholars have speculated that psychologicaltraits mediate the relationship between genes and political participation, but so far there havebeen no empirical tests. Here we focus on the role of three psychological traits that are believed toinuence political participation: cognitive ability, personal control, and extraversion. Utilizinga unique sample of more than 2,000 Swedish twin pairs, we show that a common genetic factorcan explain most of the relationship between these psychological traits and acts of politicalparticipation as well as predispositions related to participation. While our analysis is not adenitive test, our results suggest an upper bound for a proposed mediation relationship betweengenes, psychological traits, and political participation.
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| 4. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic Variation in Financial Decision-Making
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Finance. - : Wiley. - 1540-6261 .- 0022-1082. ; 65:5, s. 1725-1754
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individuals differ in how they construct their investment portfolios, yet empirical models of portfolio risk typically account only for a small portion of the cross-sectional variance. This paper asks whether genetic variation can explain some of these individual differences. Following a major pension reform Swedish adults had to form a portfolio from a large menu of funds. We match data on these investment decisions with the Swedish Twin Registry and find that approximately 25% of individual variation in portfolio risk is due to genetic variation. We also find that these results extend to several other aspects of financial decision-making.
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| 5. |
- Lindqvist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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On the sources of the height-intelligence correlation: New insights from a bivariate ACE model with assortative mating
- 2011
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Ingår i: Behavior Genetics. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 0001-8244 .- 1573-3297. ; 41:2, s. 242-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A robust positive correlation between height and intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, has been established in the literature. This paper makes several contributions toward establishing the causes of this association. First, we extend the standard bivariate ACE model to account for assortative mating. The more general theoretical framework provides several key insights, including formulas to decompose a cross-trait genetic correlation into components attributable to assortative mating and pleiotropy and to decompose a cross-trait within-family correlation. Second, we use a large dataset of male twins drawn from Swedish conscription records and examine how well genetic and environmental factors explain the association between (i) height and intelligence and (ii) height and military aptitude, a professional psychogologist’s assessment of a conscript’s ability to deal with wartime stress. For both traits, we find suggestive evidence of a shared genetic architecture with height, but we demonstrate that point estimates are very sensitive to assumed degrees of assortative mating. =0.10)suggesting that pleiotropy might be at play. (
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| 6. |
- Lindqvist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Reply to Helle et al.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. - : Royal Society, The. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 277:1696, s. 2913-2914
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Mosing, Miriam A, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship between flow proneness, locus of control and behavioral inhibition
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public library of science. - 1932-6203. ; 7:11, s. e47958-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flow is a psychological state of high but subjectively effortless attention that typically occurs during active performance of challenging tasks and is accompanied by a sense of automaticity, high control, low self-awareness, and enjoyment. Flow proneness is associated with traits and behaviors related to low neuroticism such as emotional stability, conscientiousness, active coping, self-esteem and life satisfaction. Little is known about the genetic architecture of flow proneness, behavioral inhibition and locus of control - traits also associated with neuroticism - and their interrelation. Here, we hypothesized that individuals low in behavioral inhibition and with an internal locus of control would be more likely to experience flow and explored the genetic and environmental architecture of the relationship between the three variables. Behavioral inhibition and locus of control was measured in a large population sample of 3,375 full twin pairs and 4,527 single twins, about 26% of whom also scored the flow proneness questionnaire. Findings revealed significant but relatively low correlations between the three traits and moderate heritability estimates of .41, .45, and .30 for flow proneness, behavioral inhibition, and locus of control, respectively, with some indication of non-additive genetic influences. For behavioral inhibition we found significant sex differences in heritability, with females showing a higher estimate including significant non-additive genetic influences, while in males the entire heritability was due to additive genetic variance. We also found a mainly genetically mediated relationship between the three traits, suggesting that individuals who are genetically predisposed to experience flow, show less behavioral inhibition (less anxious) and feel that they are in control of their own destiny (internal locus of control). We discuss that some of the genes underlying this relationship may include those influencing the function of dopaminergic neural systems.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Mosing, Miriam, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic influences on flow proneness and its relationship to behavioral inhibition andlocus of control
- 2012
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Ingår i: Behavior Genetics. - : Springer. - 0001-8244 .- 1573-3297. ; 42, s. 956-956
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flow is a subjective experience of high but effortless attention, loss of self-awareness, control, and enjoyment that can occur during active performance of challenging tasks and has been shown to be associated with personality, specifically with low neuroticism and high conscientiousness. The first study aimed to investigate geneticand non-genetic influences on flow-proneness (FP) in 444 adulttwin-pairs. Our second study further explored the genetic architecture of the relationship between flow-proneness and personality, inparticular behavioral inhibition (BI) and locus of control (LoC) - both highly related to neuroticism and conscientious. All three traits(i.e. FP, BI, and LoC) are influenced by dopaminergic neural systems. Data were collected using an on-line administration of the Swedish Flow Proneness Questionnaire (assessing FP in three majordomains of life: work, maintenance, and leisure), the Adult Measureof Behavioral Inhibition, and the Locus of Control Scale. We found moderate (0.29–0.35) heritabilities for the flow scales. Genetic influences were almost entirely shared for the three flow scales and genetic correlations between the scales were very high (0.81–0.97), suggesting that the same genes influence FP independently of domain. Non-shared environmental influences were largely specific to each flow scale. The relationship between FP and the two personality traits (BI and LoC) was entirely explained by shared genetic influences. However, this shared genetic factor only explained a small part of the genetic influences on BI and LoC. Accordingly, genetic correlations were only moderate ranging between 0.33 and 0.42 with the environmental correlations being close to zero. We conclude that an individual’s general proneness to experience flow is influenced by the same genetic factors regardless of domain, while specific environmental factors appear to be of importance for within-individual differences between domains. The relationship between FP with LoC and BI, respectively, is entirely due to shared genes.
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| 10. |
- Oskarsson, Sven, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Pre-Birth Factors, Post-Birth Factors, and Voting : Evidence from Swedish Adoption Data
- 2014
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Ingår i: American Political Science Review. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0003-0554 .- 1537-5943. ; 108:1, s. 71-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyzes a rich Swedish data set with information on the electoral turnout of a largesample of adoptees, their siblings, their adoptive parents, and their biological parents. We use asimple regression framework to decompose the parent-child resemblance in voting into pre-birthfactors, measured by biological parents’ voting, and post-birth factors, measured by adoptive parents’voting. Adoptees are more likely to vote if their biological parents were voters and if they were assignedto families in which the adoptive parents vote. We find evidence of interactions between the pre- andpost-birth factors: the effect of the post-birth environment on turnout is greater amongst adoptees whosebiological mothers are nonvoters. We also show that the relationships between parental characteristics,such as education, and child turnout, persist even in the absence of a genetic link between parent andchild. The regression-based framework we utilize provides a basis for the integration of behavior-geneticresearch into mainstream political science.
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