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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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- Caroli, A., et al.
(författare)
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Mild cognitive impairment with suspected nonamyloid pathology (SNAP) Prediction of progression
- 2015
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Ingår i: Neurology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0028-3878 .- 1526-632X. ; 84:5, s. 508-515
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of progressive cognitive deterioration in patients with suspected non-Alzheimer disease pathology (SNAP) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Methods:We measured markers of amyloid pathology (CSF -amyloid 42) and neurodegeneration (hippocampal volume on MRI and cortical metabolism on [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET) in 201 patients with MCI clinically followed for up to 6 years to detect progressive cognitive deterioration. We categorized patients with MCI as A+/A- and N+/N- based on presence/absence of amyloid pathology and neurodegeneration. SNAPs were A-N+ cases.Results:The proportion of progressors was 11% (8/41), 34% (14/41), 56% (19/34), and 71% (60/85) in A-N-, A+N-, SNAP, and A+N+, respectively; the proportion of APOE epsilon 4 carriers was 29%, 70%, 31%, and 71%, respectively, with the SNAP group featuring a significantly different proportion than both A+N- and A+N+ groups (p 0.005). Hypometabolism in SNAP patients was comparable to A+N+ patients (p = 0.154), while hippocampal atrophy was more severe in SNAP patients (p = 0.002). Compared with A-N-, SNAP and A+N+ patients had significant risk of progressive cognitive deterioration (hazard ratio = 2.7 and 3.8, p = 0.016 and p < 0.001), while A+N- patients did not (hazard ratio = 1.13, p = 0.771). In A+N- and A+N+ groups, none of the biomarkers predicted time to progression. In the SNAP group, lower time to progression was correlated with greater hypometabolism (r = 0.42, p = 0.073).Conclusions:Our findings support the notion that patients with SNAP MCI feature a specific risk progression profile.
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- Long, John A., et al.
(författare)
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Copulation in antiarch placoderms and the origin of gnathostome internal fertilization
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 517:7533, s. 196-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reproduction in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) involves either external or internal fertilization. It is commonly argued that internal fertilization can evolve from external, but not the reverse. Male copulatoryclaspers are present in certain placoderms, fossil jawed vertebrates retrieved as a paraphyletic segment of the gnathostome stem group in recent studies. This suggests that internal fertilization could be primitive for gnathostomes, but such a conclusion depends on demonstrating that copulation was not just a specialized feature of certain placoderm subgroups. The reproductive biology of antiarchs, consistently identified as the least crownward placoderms and thus of great interest in this context, has until now remained unknown. Here we show that certain antiarchs possessed dermal claspers in the males, while females bore paired dermal plates inferred to have facilitated copulation. These structures are not associated with pelvic fins. The clasper morphology resembles that of ptyctodonts, a more crownward placoderm group, suggesting that all placoderm claspers are homologous and that internal fertilization characterized all placoderms. This implies that external fertilization and spawning, which characterize most extant aquatic gnathostomes, must be derived from internal fertilization, even though this transformation has been thought implausible. Alternatively, the substantial morphological evidence for placoderm paraphyly must be rejected.
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- Pott, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Ferns and fern allies from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Lunz am See, Lower Austria: A melting pot of Mesozoic fern vegetation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Palaeontographica. Abteilung B, Palaophytologie. - Bonn : E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. - 0375-0299. ; 297:1–6, s. 1-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The floral assemblage from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Lunz-am-See in Austria contains a rich and diverse array of ferns and fern allies, most of which have been considered only marginally, some have been described but more than a century ago and the majority have never been illustrated. Therefore, we here provide a detailed analysis of these taxa accompanied by extensive descriptions, detailed illustrations and colour restorations of the plants. We identified 17 species of lycophytes, sphenophytes and pteridophytes assignable to 14 genera in seven families. One taxon could be identified to class level only. One new genus of dipteridacean ferns (viz. Digitopteris C.Pott et Bomfleur gen. nov.), so far monotypic, is here described from Lunz with its type species Digitopteris repanda C.Pott et Bomfleur sp. nov. The Lunz flora comprises an interesting mixture of eusporangiate Marattiales and leptosporangiate Osmundales, Gleicheniales and Schizaeales; the former representing a rather primitive group of ferns. The co-occurrence of eusporangiate and leptosporangiate ferns renders the Lunz flora important given the fact that eusporangiate ferns were predominating over more modern, leptosporangiate forms during the Paleozoic, whereas they typically constitute only subordinate components in fern vegetation since the mid-Mesozoic until today. Among the leptosporangiate forms, the species from Lunz represent, due to their Triassic age, more primitive forms, which probably were rather growth-restricted thriving as herbaceous understorey layer among the shade of the eusporangiate, tree-like marattialean ferns.
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