| 1. |
- Berger, Thor, et al.
(författare)
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Geographical Location and Urbanization of the Swedish Manufacturing Industry, 1900-1960: Evidence from a New Database
- 2012
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - 0358-5522. ; 60:3, s. 290-308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article introduces a new database, based on official statistics, of regional manufacturing industries in Sweden. We employ this database to examine the distribution of manufacturing activity across Swedish regions and cities, 1900–1960. Over this period we observe an increasing concentration of manufacturing activities, reaching a peak around 1940, across the northern, southern and western parts (NUTS-I areas) of Sweden. Over the same period, the North-South divide in terms of manufacturing employment grew larger. Across counties (NUTS-III) and cities we, however, observe two shorter periods of convergence of manufacturing activities, in the early twentieth century and in the post-war period, whereas the inter-war period was characterised by divergence. These developments occurred to the backdrop of the urbanisation of industry in Sweden, as the rural share of manufacturing employment declined from roughly 60 to 25% between 1900 and 1960. We also find that the regional patterns of individual industries over time followed different trajectories, suggesting that that the determinants of industry location differed significantly across industries.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Berger, Thor, et al.
(författare)
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Locomotives of Local Growth: The Short- and Long-Term Impact of Railroads in Sweden
- 2014
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper studies the impact of railroads on town-level growth in Sweden over 150 years. Our analysis builds on the fact that railroads historically were extended quasi-randomly across towns. Towns that gained access to a rail connection grew larger relative to other towns, with large negative spillovers on unconnected nearby towns. Over the 20th century, we find little adjustment to the initial shock in town populations, despite a sharp reversal in relative connectivity. Evidence on historical investments and present-day factors is consistent with this temporary shock giving rise to path dependence in the location of economic activity.
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| 4. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Causality Between Energy and Output in the Long-Run
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0140-9883. ; 39, s. 135-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Though there is a very large literature examining whether energy use Granger causes economic output or vice versa, it is fairly inconclusive. Almost all existing studies use relatively short time series, or panels with a relatively small time dimension. We apply Granger causality and cointegration techniques to a Swedish time series dataset spanning 150 years to test whether increases in energy use and energy quality have driven economic growth or vice versa. We show that these techniques are very sensitive to variable definition, choice of additional variables in the model, sample periods and size, and the introduction of structural breaks. The relationship between energy and growth may also have changed over time - energy causes output in the full sample while output causes energy use in recent smaller samples. Energy prices have a more robust causal impact on both energy use and output.
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| 5. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Did Globalization Drive Convergence? Identifying Cross-Country Growth Regimes in the Long Run
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Economic Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-572X .- 0014-2921. ; 55:6, s. 832-844
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is the first to apply a finite mixture model to a sample of 64 nations to endogenously analyze the cross-country growth behavior over the period 1870-2003. Results show that growth patterns were segmented in two worldwide regimes, the one characterized by convergence in per capita income, and the other by divergence. Interestingly, when three historical epochs are distinctly analyzed, in order to investigate the empirical link between globalization and convergence, the dynamics which dominated over the whole period seem to have emerged only during the post-1950 years. In contrast, the First Global Wave was marked by persistent heterogeneities.
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| 6. |
- Enflo, Kerstin
(författare)
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Finland’s regional GDPs 1880-2010: estimates, sources and interpretations
- 2014
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper provides the first consistent long-run estimates of Finnish regional GDPs, from 1880 to 2010. Estimates are provided for 12 historical counties as well as for the 5 current-border NUTS 2-regions. The main results from the analyses of the long-run evolution of regional GDPs are the following. Firstly, it is clear that Finland’s geographical position, in the intersection between Eastern and Western Europe, has led to a history of balancing between the two powers. A long-run economic decline of the historically important regions of the west is documented. Simultaneously access to Russian markets advanced the East, but trade was subject to several large shocks, notably with the Finnish independence of 1917 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Over the long run, the paper finds that the southern part of the country has been the winner in the Finnish regional growth league. Secondly, the paper analyses regional inequality and finds that Finland’s counties and regions were relatively unequal in European comparison during early industrialization. Rapid convergence in GDP per capita only took place after the Second World War, but was interrupted by the 1980s and replaced by a new tendency for divergence.
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| 7. |
- Enflo, Kerstin
(författare)
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Productivity and employment-Is there a trade-off? Comparing Western European regions and American states 1950-2000
- 2010
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Ingår i: Annals of Regional Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0592 .- 0570-1864. ; 45:2, s. 401-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article report findings from a new dataset that consists of productivity and employment variables from 89 Western European regions and 51 American states and districts from 1950 to 2000. Distribution dynamics is used to investigate convergence in labor productivity, Gross Value Added (GVA) per capita, and employment ratios. Main findings are that European labor productivity and GVA per capita have converged more or less continuously since 1950, but that the European employment ratios show divergence after 1970. Compared to US, the European regions have faced an employment-productivity trade-off since the 1970s. This trade-off appears to be related to country-specific factors.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish regional GDP 1855-2000 Estimations and general trends in the Swedish regional system
- 2014
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Ingår i: Research in Economic History. - 0363-3268. ; 30, s. 47-89
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses a method devised by Geary and Stark to estimate regional GDPs for 24 Swedish provinces 1855-2007. In empirical tests, we find that the Swedish estimations yield results of good precision, comparable to those reported in the international literature. From the literature, we generate six expectations concerning the development of regional GDPs in Sweden. Using the GDP estimations, we test these expectations empirically. We find that the historical regional GDPs show a high correlation over time, but that the early industrialization process co-evolved with a dramatic redistribution of productive capacity. We show that the regional inequalities in GDP per capita were at their lowest point in modern history in the early 1980s. However, while efficiency in the regional system has never been as equal, absolute regional differences in scale of production has increased dramatically over our investigated period. This process has especially benefited the metropolitan provinces. We present detailed sources of our estimations and also sketch a research agenda from our results.
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| 10. |
- Enflo, Kerstin
(författare)
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The Institutional Roots of Post-War European Economic Under-performance - A Regional Approach
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Review of Economic History. - 1474-0044. ; 15:02, s. 329-355
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedThis article investigates which institutions and policies were related to the increase in European unemployment since 1970 and the productivity stagnation since the mid 1990s. By using data for 88 regions in nine European countries, national policies and institutions are analysed in a fixed-effects panel-data model to detect their relative importance after controlling for unobservable regional factors. The main finding is that institutions only started to matter after the oil crisis. The strongest institutional effects on employment came from the net reservation wages and employment protection laws. The institutional effects on productivity were mainly channelled through the employment productivity trade-off. By restricting the supply of labour, these effects were positive on productivity in the short run. However, the article shows that the long-run effects were negative and that there may be institutional roots to the European productivity slow-down in the 1990s.
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