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| 2. |
- Andersson, Viktor, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Dubbel energivinst med alger som biobränsle
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energimagasinet.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Idag kan produktionen av biobränsle påverka livsmedelsförsörjningen negativt. Istället för att biobränsleproduktion ska konkurrera med produktion av livsmedel kan en hittills outnyttjad resurs - kommunalt avloppsvatten - användas för produktion av alger som i sin tur kan användas till biogas och biodiesel. Ny forskning visar på denna potential.
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| 3. |
- Hackl, Roman, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Applying exergy and total site analysis for targeting refrigeration shaft power in industrial clusters
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 55, s. 5-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Process cooling below ambient temperature is an energy demanding part of many chemical production processes. Compression refrigeration systems operating at very low temperatures consume a lot of high quality utility such as electricity or high pressure steam to drive the compressor units. In industrial process clusters with several processes operating at low temperatures, it is important to investigate opportunities for exchange of low-temperature energy between processes. This paper demonstrates how total site analysis and exergy analysis can be applied to target for shaft power and related hot utility savings for processes and utility systems operating below ambient temperature. Shaft power targeting by optimizing refrigerant use is conducted. In addition the methodology is extended for shaft power targeting in connection with site-wide heat recovery from cold process streams to generate sub-ambient utility. The methodology is illustrated through application to a case study of a chemical cluster. One chemical plant within the cluster operates two compression refrigeration systems at its steam cracker plant. The results of the case study indicate potential savings of 1.5 MW of shaft power by optimizing the use of refrigerant from the compression refrigeration system and additional 2.5 MW of shaft power by recovering refrigeration from two other sites located outside the cracker plant. In total this corresponds to 15% of the total shaft power consumption of the refrigeration systems. Economic evaluation of the proposed measures indicates a pay-back period of approximately 4 years.
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| 4. |
- Hackl, Roman, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Framework methodology for increased energy efficiency and renewable feedstock integration in industrial clusters
- 2013
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9118 .- 0306-2619. ; 112, s. 1500-1509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy intensive industries, such as the bulk chemical industry, are facing major challenges and adopting strategies to face these challenges. This paper investigates options for clusters of chemical process plants to decrease their energy and emission footprints. There is a wide range of technologies and process integration opportunities available for achieving these objectives, including (i) decreasing fossil fuel and electricity demand by increasing heat integration within individual processes and across the total cluster site; (ii) replacing fossil feedstocks with renewables and biorefinery integration with the existing cluster; (iii) increasing external utilization of excess process heat wherever possible. This paper presents an overview of the use of process integration methods for development of chemical clusters. Process simulation, pinch analysis, Total Site Analysis (TSA) and exergy concepts are combined in a holistic approach to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency and integrate renewable feedstocks within such clusters. The methodology is illustrated by application to a chemical cluster in Stenungsund on the West Coast of Sweden consisting of five different companies operating six process plants. The paper emphasizes and quantifies the gains that can be made by adopting a total site approach for targeting energy efficiency measures within the cluster and when investigating integration opportunities for advanced biorefinery concepts compared to restricting the analysis to the individual constituent plants. The holistic approach applied highlights the significant potential improvement to energy and emissions footprints that can be achieved when applying a total site approach.
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| 5. |
- Hackl, Roman, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Identification, cost estimation and economic performance of common heat recovery systems for the chemical cluster in Stenungsund
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In previous work, the heat savings potential that can be accomplished by increased heat recovery collaboration between the constituent companies was identified at the chemical cluster in Stenungsund. Based on this work specific measures to realize the potential were determined. All heat exchangers that can be included in a common heat recovery system were identified and other measures necessary in order to construct such a system were described. Detailed systems design, cost estimation, economic evaluation and cost sensitivity analysis was not dealt with in detail. A number of different systems solutions are available In order to identify cost-efficient system configurations it is important to develop a methodology that deals with design, cost estimation, economic evaluation and cost sensitivity analysis. The present study aims the development of such a methodology in order to enable decision makers to identify and compare cost-efficient and site-wide common heat recovery system configurations.In a first step all the different cost items of the common heat recovery measures are identified. After that a short cut approach for estimating the different costs (HX, piping, pumps etc.) involved is applied. Later a methodological approach to identify the most cost efficient overall systems solutions is introduced. During this a number of promising options is identified, which then are evaluated in more detail according their economic performance.As a result five promising systems were identified saving between 20.6 MW and 53.6 MW of hot utility. The estimated Pay Back Period (PBP) of the system was between 3.2 and 4.2 years. Further evaluation showed that especially two systems showed superior economic performance. System 20 recovering 20.6 MW of heat at a PBP of 3.2 years has the best Discounted Cash Flow Rate Of Return (DCFROR) of all systems (34.2 %). The retrofit only involves Borealis and Perstorp. Perstorp only serves as a sink for excess LP steam from Borealis, while recovered excess process heat is delivered from Borealis PE to Borealis Cracker. As it only enables for utilizing a minor share of the total heat integration potential it is considered as a first step towards a larger system. The final step in the development of common heat recovery systems is System 50 recovering 50.8 MW of heat at a PBP of 3.9 years and a DCFROR of 26.6 %. This system shows the highest Net Present Value of all investigated systems and recovers a major share of the heat recovery potential. Three companies, Borealis, Perstorp and INEOS are involved in the retrofit. Borealis PE and Perstorp are mainly delivering excess process heat to Borealis Cracker, while INEOS solely servers as a sink for excess steam from Borealis Cracker. It is possible to extend System 20 towards System 50 if minor preparatory investments are taken. Sensitivity analysis showed that only in two scenarios where the price of saved fuel decrease or the total investment costs increase by 30 % the PBP of System 50 exceeds 5 years and DCFROR drops below 20 %. The systems identified can be considered robust to fluctuations in investments costs and fuel price.The methodology applied in this study was shown to enable for identifying cost efficient and economically robust heat recovery systems and even making it possible to describe staged investment paths where the simplest investments are taken first allowing for further systems extension in order to realize the a larger share of the heat recovery potential.
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