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- Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Democracy in participatory place branding: a critical approach
- 2015
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Ingår i: Critical management studies - 9th International conference: Is there an alternative - management after critique. Leicester 8-10 July.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The traditional perspective on place branding as a managerial tool to promote a place to an external audience has been criticized for serving certain political purposes and social groups whilemarginalizing others. An important aspect of the critique is that residents are neglected as stakeholders even though they are strongly affected by place branding initiatives. Alternative views on what place branding should be about have emerged, which downplay the role of place brand managers and support residents as co-owners and co-creators. A participatory approach can thereby be seen as a way to democratize place branding. This paper supports the view that resident participation is fundamental in place branding, however acknowledges that reaching participatory processes that are ethically and morally sound is extremely complex, and that even the best intentions can result in further marginalization of groups that are meant to be empowered. There is a risk that participation gets hijacked as just another tool to serve particular groups’ interests, where people are involved merely as informants, for educational purposes or for justification of decisions already taken. To avoid participation becoming a managerial tool among others, there is a need to problematize the concept within the place branding discourse and its relation to democracy. Otherwise, there is a risk that place branding will fall under the same critique which has been aimed towards participatory design, architecture, urban planning and development studies. The purpose with this paper is therefore to encourage a critical debate on the meaning of democracy in participatory place branding, as a crucial foundation for a continued discourse. A review of the literature on democracy in relation to participation is made, with emphasis on how it is perceived in marketing, design and related fields. It implies that the democratic aim for place brand managers cannot and should not be to always reach consensus, but to handle conflicting interests and a multitude of interpretations of the place. With strong resident involvement in decision-making and throughout, with fair conditions regarding time spent and allocation of resources, it is possible for place branding to be democratic. This may however be easily formulated on paper but harder to put into practice and calls for an ever present, open and problematizing discussion.
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2. |
- Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967
(författare)
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Participation in educational tourism: transforming individuals, communities and societies by stakeholder involvement
- 2015
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Ingår i: 24th Nordic Symposium in Tourism and Hospitaly: Responsible tourism, Reykjavik, October 1-3.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tourism is a social activity with the ability to contribute to sustainable development by responsible action from all stakeholders: tourists, local communities, industry, government and academia. A sub-sector of tourism that is highly relevant but generally overlooked in this regard is educational tourism. The aim of this paper is to highlight educational tourism as an important part of responsible tourism. The purpose is to explore what roles tourism stakeholders have in identifying and addressing issues of sustainability in educational tourism, and how a participatory approach can enhance learning. An action-oriented research project that aims to develop ecotourism in Dunga community in Kenya is used as case study. School buses with students from all over the country arrive at Kisumu by Lake Victoria every day to visit the harbour, the zoo, the museum, and the small village of Dunga. They learn about fish species, the wetlands, and the propagation of water hyacinths in the lake. However, there is potential to make a greater difference among young people by raising their awareness about environmental and socio-cultural issues, which could in turn change their behaviour and influence their families, friends, and communities. The study identifies a need to prioritise multiple stakeholders’ engagement in educational tourism from the start to improve the process and the outcomes of it. Further, the study highlights that learning is improved when tourists actively participate in activities on a tour. This research thus supports the notion that participation combined with education enhances the transformational potential of tourism.
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3. |
- Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Participatory place branding through design: the case of Dunga beach in Kisumu, Kenya
- 2015
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Ingår i: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1751-8040 .- 1751-8059. ; 11:3, s. 226-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For place branding to reach long-term commitment and legitimacy a large number of stakeholders needs to be involved. This calls for innovative ways of approaching the process itself, permitting it to be participatory and changeable. In this article, the purpose is to describe, in detail, how a place branding process can take place in practice, and illustrate how an integration of design can act as a mean to reach community participation. The example is a tourism development case in Kisumu, Kenya where the authors were actively involved in destination branding. The findings show how the empathic and intuitive process of design allows each activity to lead to the other in an evolutionary way, and how visual tools can strengthen communication between participants as well as stimulate idea generation. The implication is that place branding should be viewed as consisting of several ongoing processes with multiple stakeholders. With the introduction of evolutionary and visual elements to these processes, they become more participatory, changeable and sustainable.
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4. |
- Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Tourism Experience Innovation Through Design
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-2250 .- 1502-2269. ; 15:Supplement 1, s. 98-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experience innovation is described as collaborative and integrated in day-to-day work. However, a challenge is to capture people's tacit knowledge and make it explicit, in order to bring forth ideas and concepts. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how design can be integrated with experience innovation. A model for experience innovation and design is presented which complies with the prototyping phase of the design process. Visual representations are used for communication and idea generation between stakeholders, to make them build on each other's ideas. The case is the development of a guided tour in Dunga beach, Kisumu, Kenya. Dunga beach is seen as the experiencescape, where the interactions with the physical and social environment become part of the experience innovation process. By active involvement as partners and participants in collaborative activities with guides, residents and tourists, the authors were able to get an in-depth understanding of how experience innovation took place in Dunga. The implication is that the view of experience innovation as a spiral process within the experiencescape increases the understanding of how specific characteristics of the experience could be considered and developed for new or improved experiences.
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