| 1. |
- Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967
(författare)
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Innovationsarenor för turism – från ekosystem till labb
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det talas alltmer om turism som en del av ett hållbart samhällsbyggande. Olika aktörer måste bidra med sin kunskap för att skapa möjligheter och lösa problem som har ömsesidiga beroen-den, är motsägelsefulla och förändras över tid. Turismen växer i hög takt vilket ger stora ut-vecklingsmöjligheter men den skapar också mål- och intressekonflikter, exempelvis mellan bevarande och utveckling. Innovation har blivit ett begrepp som används alltmer inom samhällsdebatten kring lokal och regional utveckling. Inom flera andra områden har olika forum för innovation funnits i många år, men inom turism är de inte lika vanliga. Besöksnäringens företag saknar ofta en kultur som främjar skapandet, användandet och ledningen av innovationsprocesser. Lägg till detta näringens fragmenterade, småskaliga och konkurrensintensiva affärsstruktur som ger begrän-sade möjligheter till samarbete. För att skapa innovationer inom turism och besöksnäring krävs därför bland annat undanröjande av hinder, en enkel väg in till de stödfunktioner som finns, mötesplatser för samskapande, testmiljöer samt närhet till slutanvändaren. Det behövs också nytänkande kring partnerskap och affärs- och produktutveckling. Nätverk av företag och andra organisationer inom turism och besöksnäring behöver skapas, underhållas och ut-vecklas för att ett ömsesidigt lärande ska komma till stånd och innovationer ska komma fram. I projektet Maritim Utveckling i Bohuslän (MUB) är ett av målen att skapa en innovations-arena för maritim turism i Bohuslän. Innovationsarenan ingår också som ett projekt i Mari-tima klustret i Västsverige. Som en del av projektet har denna rapport skapats. Materialet är hämtat från författarens arbete som postdoktorforskare i projektet under två år (februari 2017 till januari 2019) och består främst av litteraturstudier, intervjuer och deltagande observat-ioner. En viktig del är också den kontinuerliga dialog som förts med projektledare och pro-jektets partnergrupp (där författaren ingått). I rapporten ges en översikt av litteraturen kring samskapande och innovation inom turism. Se-dan kategoriseras och exemplifieras olika typer av innovationsarenor som har relevans för hur en innovationsarena för turism kan se ut, under rubrikerna: städer, science parks, labb/testbäd-dar, framtidens turistbyråer samt andra forsknings- och innovationsmiljöer. I rapportens sista kapitel identifieras fyra möjliga typer av innovationsarenor för maritim turism, på olika nivåer: Den innovativa staden, Marine science park, Företagsarena och Turismlabb. Samtliga karaktäriseras av samskapande (co-creation) på olika sätt. En central funktion för en arena inom turism är testmiljöer. Andra viktiga funktioner handlar om facili-tering, dvs att möjliggöra, samordna och koordinera aktiviteter och aktörer, samt om att kom-municera internt och externt. Slutsatserna sammanfattas i punktform i slutet av kapitlet och handlar om att stärka turismens roll i byggandet av ett hållbart samhälle, att tänka nytt kring partnerskap, affärs- och produktutveckling, att hantera intressekonflikter, att bygga och under-hålla nätverk och samarbeten, samt vikten av lärande och kommunikation. För projektet MUB ges särskilda rekommendationer för varje av de olika typer av innovationsarenor som tagits fram.
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| 2. |
- Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967
(författare)
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Living labs: forums for tourism experience innovation and learning
- 2019
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Ingår i: 28th Nordic Symposium on Tourism and Hospitality Research, 23-25 October 2019, Roskilde University, Denmark.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Co-creation stems from a perspective of value as arising from relational exchanges rather than being delivered by firms (Gummesson & Grönroos, 2012; Vargo & Lusch, 2008). Co-creation requires a common space or platform where various actors’ processes merge into one, and where “emotions, values, choices, ideas, and ideals emerge, converge or collide” (Campos et al, 2015, p 209). The concept of living labs is useful in order to understand and develop such spaces. Living labs can be defined as forums for innovation categorized by openness, co-creation and experimentation in real-life settings (e.g. Gascó, 2017; Hawk et al, 2012). In living labs, actors get opportunities to share ideas and develop goods, services, business models or systems (Hawk et al, 2012). Descriptions of labs often underscore end users as participants and sources of innovation. As such, living labs are interesting to consider for innovation in the tourism sector. Consumers continuously want novel experiences and they want to be involved in the production of their own experiences (Alsos et al, 2014). Living labs are also interesting for co-creation among a wider set of stakeholders than firms and their potential customers. The specificity of tourism, being context-dependent, makes the real-life setting valuable; it inspires to deal with problems and opportunities that arise at the specific location. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of living labs in relation to tourism experience innovation. The case study revolves around a program on “Scary seafood”, where workshops, exhibitions, training and other activities form the basis for product and business development and learning about marine species that are sustainable to consume but typically not eaten in Scandinavia. The case study methodology is participatory observations and interviews. Preliminary findings show that the concept of outdoor cooking seems to have particular potential in relation to living labs for tourism experience innovation. Cooking is an activity that many people can relate to and food is easy to experiment with. The real-life setting with raw material that is picked or harvested by the participants themselves triggers discussions around sustainability and new types of products, services and business models.
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| 3. |
- Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Multiculturalism in place and destination development of rural communities
- 2019
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Ingår i: 28th Nordic Symposium on Tourism and Hospitality Research, 23-25 October 2019, Roskilde University, Denmark.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many rural communities have in common the trend of shrinking agricultural and fishing sectors and transformation of local industries. As a consequence, rural communities and municipalities face outmigration, which results in declining tax income as well as reduced physical infrastructure and welfare services. A long-term population reduction may also affect the function of the municipality as a democratic arena and community builder (Syssner & Olausson, 2015). One of the opportunities commonly proposed for revitalization and development of rural territories is to engage in the tourism sector (Dana, Gurau & Lasch, 2014). Tourism does not create economic wealth by itself, but provides potential for local administration and entrepreneurs to explore and tap into new possibilities (Beeton, 2002; Dana et al, 2014; Wilson et al, 2001). Other prospects for revival lie in the influx of refugees and other migrants. These provide positive contributions to the economy in the forms of, for instance, new markets for products and services, and a decrease in the average age of the population. A varied population composition also adds to the cultural diversity of places, leading to multiple dimensions and identities. Further, it could be argued that to be able to build resilient communities, it is important to involve a diverse subset of the population in place development, not least from an integration perspective. However, there are few examples of place and destination development projects that take the multicultural setup of our contemporary societies into consideration through participation and representation. The purpose of this paper is to explore opportunities and challenges that lie in participatory development of rural places and destinations. The research derives from a summer project in Dals-Långed, Sweden, where students, civil society and other local actors collaborate for spatial place development. The project aims to embrace cultural diversity and integration through co-creative designing and building of common facilities such as a sauna, an outdoor kitchen, and a vegetable and flower garden, which will serve as meeting places for groups in the community who otherwise would not interact. In this recurring annual project, researchers work in collaboration with project management and local stakeholders in an action-oriented manner. The empirical material is retrieved through interviews, participatory observations, photos, as well as sketches and visual diaries from participants and students. Preliminary findings show that students and members of the local community interact with each other, although the multicultural aspect is not as prevalent as was hoped for. The building structures are used by students and those who have lived for a long time in the community, but not so much by newcomers. Furthermore, the participatory parts of the project are only conducted in short sequences, not throughout the process. However, the fact that the project is annually recurring means that there is space for critical evaluation and reformulations of plans.
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| 4. |
- Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Small but diverse: the role of urban and rural communities in place-based diversity and inclusiveness
- 2019
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Ingår i: Mistra Urban Futures annual international conference Realising just cities - lessons, impacts and outcomes, 15 October 2019, Sheffield, UK.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The workshop will focus on the roles of networks, institutions and projects in urban and rural communities in generating diversity and inclusiveness. There will be three presentations on cases in different countries, focussed on impacts, challenges and opportunities of different types of initiatives. This will be followed by generating shared knowledge with participants in the session, through workshop activities. Leader: Eva-Maria Jernsand and Emma Björner
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| 5. |
- Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967
(författare)
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Student living labs as innovation arenas for sustainable tourism
- 2019
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Ingår i: Tourism Recreation Resarch. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0250-8281 .- 2320-0308. ; 44:3, s. 333-347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper aims to explore sustainable tourism in relation to the concept of student living labs, defined as spaces for open innovation, co-creation and experimentation in real-life settings with students. Although these features are vital for the tourism industry, living labs are seldom discussed nor used in tourism research, education and practice. To illustrate living labs’ organisation, facilitation and impediments, the author uses an ethnographic description and analysis of five different experiences that have the characteristics of living labs. The findings show that tourism living labs offer students opportunities for hands-on engagement in the co-creation and testing of frontier solutions with private, public and civil society sector partners. They also enhance social inclusion, environmental responsibility and life-long learning. For the tourism industry, labs can offer new knowledge; more, extended and deepened relationships; and opportunities to find an educated workforce. The challenges include project timeframes; documentation and information; equality among participants: the size of student groups; and the resources of the university. The article stresses the importance of recognising and handling the challenges that come with the introduction of living labs in a tourism context.
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| 6. |
- Kraff, Helena, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Digitalisering, samskapande och innovation. Tre scenarier för framtidens turistbyrå som innovationsarena
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här rapporten presenterar resultatet av en studie utförd av två forskare vid Göteborgs universitet. Studien finansieras av Västra Götalandsregionen och har skett i samarbete med projektet Maritim Utveckling i Bohuslän och Lysekils kommun. I rapporten presenteras tre scenarier för hur dagens turistbyrå kan utvecklas till en inno-vationsarena för turism. Genom att formulera scenarier förvandlas en abstrakt framtid till kon¬kreta bilder som kan ställas i relation till varandra och som öppnar upp för vidare diskussioner kring möjliga utvecklingsriktningar. Scenarierna svarar till det förändringsbehov som dagens turistbyråer står inför i och med den digitala utveckl¬ingen och besökares ändrade res- och sökvanor. De beaktar också en ökad efterfrågan av samverkan mellan turismens aktörer, och syftar därmed till att koppla samman olika intressenter för att tillsammans utveckla idéer för nya koncept eller arbetsmodeller i öppna och explorativa pro-cesser. Beskrivningen av de tre scenarierna föregås av en diskussion som tar upp turism i förhållande till innovation, samverkan och digital teknik. Möjligheter och utmaningar identifieras och nya struk¬turer pre¬senteras för att resultera i de tre scenarierna. Den mobila arenan utgår främst från ett ökat behov av mobilitet, koordinering och ambassadörskap medan den tematiska are¬nan visar på möj¬lig¬heten att bygga innovationsmiljöer kring en specifik tematik. Multifunkt¬ionsarenan ger en syn på turism som en viktig del i en hållbar samhällsutveckling. Scenari¬erna skiljer sig från varandra men det ena utesluter inte nödvändigtvis de andra. Det första scenariot kan exempel¬vis ses som ett första steg i utvecklingen mot något av de andra två.
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| 7. |
- Kraff, Helena, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Initial involvement of stakeholders in transdisciplinary projects - exploring issues of expectations, roles and inclusion
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Transdisciplinarity Conference 2019 - Joining forces for change, Gothenburg 10-13 September.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper identifies complexities of transdisciplinary research, focusing on the initial involvement of stakeholders early on in the process, and the pressures that highly collaborative environments give rise to. The initiation and launch of a transdisciplinary project exploring the role of tourism in multicultural societies serves as an illustrative example of these pressures. The combination of two fields, tourism and migration studies, which are normally situated far apart from each other, implies a need for a highly diversified constellation of project actors. This, and the aim of transdisciplinary research to be transformative, raise expectations and create tensions between the involved public, private, civil and academic actors. The purpose of this paper is to identify central complexities and tensions in the initial stages of projects that hinder prosperous, functional and robust collaboration. Challenges in transdisciplinary projects are to a large extent closely connected the specificity of the particular context and actor constellation. However, previous research, the empirical example, and the authors experience of engaging in such projects in numerous settings, illustrate how issues of expectations, language, roles, inclusion and exclusion, agency and power dynamics tend to emerge, although in different forms, independent of project type. Participatory observations during the project launch of the empirical example, where 35 stakeholders participated, show how participants saw opportunities in experimenting with the intersection between tourism and multiculturalism and envisaged synergy effects. However, the multidimensional nature of both concepts presented challenges in finding a common understanding and drawing meaning. This therefore meant that expectations on the outcome of the project varied greatly, ranging from highly academic, which can influence a broader audience, to localized practical results, such as products, tools and methods for inclusion and successful development. The large number of stakeholders also meant that expectations exceeded the range of case studies, as well as organisations and individuals possible to involve and consider. Extreme efforts would need to be taken to keep contact with all proposed partners. This connects to the language barrier that derives in collaborative projects, where actors find it hard to understand each other’s disciplinary expressions. During the launch, issues of language also emerged in connection to its international and multicultural nature, which exemplified how language preludes notions of inclusion and exclusion. The launch was held in Swedish since all present public and private partners were Swedish. This did however exclude one of the international researchers in the project from most parts of the presentations and discussions. Also, concerns were raised that an important stakeholder group, newly arrived immigrants, whom may have difficulties with both Swedish and English, were fully excluded from the launch. Research is traditionally the responsibility of universities and hence, many stakeholders coming into transdisciplinary projects experience role confusion, where they are not clear on what they are expected to contribute with or deliver. Some stakeholders may also take passive roles and sit back, with expectations of a report once the project is finalized. To conclude, the multifaceted nature of transdisciplinary projects enables you to view issues from a multitude of perspectives, providing possibilities to reach desired outcomes relevant for all stakeholders. Having a project launch enables you to recognize the perspectives of stakeholders which often are overlooked. A launch is however not enough, and it is imperative to provide platforms to continue dialoguing on the pertinent issues and tensions that come to the surface during initial stages of a project.
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| 8. |
- Kraff, Helena, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Old habits die hard
- 2019
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Ingår i: Anatomy of a 21st century sustainability project: The untold stories. - Gothenburg : Mistra Urban Futures, Chalmers University of Technology. - 9789198416633 ; , s. 184-187
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors offer their views on an European Union funded project, their representation of the territory, productive experiences on new kinds of demands and needs, as well as forms of organization based on commitment.
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| 9. |
- Kraff, Helena, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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The role of small-scale social enterprises in the Swedish integration system – opportunities and challenges
- 2019
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Ingår i: 2019 Organizing Migration and Integration in Contemporary Societies - OMICS, 6-8 November, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of small-scale social enterprises in the Swedish integration system. Particularly, it focuses on how the overall integration system affects their possibilities to organize labour market integration programs, and how participants of these programs experience them in relation to other activities for integration. This is done through the analysis of a longitudinal and qualitative action research study. There are opportunities related to the small size of the organizations, since it enables the establishment of a close relationship between staff and program participants. There is, for example, time for informal discussions in Swedish, which the participants do not experience as possible in the official Swedish for immigrants (SFI) program. The small size also makes it possible to give devoted participants responsibilities that further their capabilities and heightens their confidence. Challenges include issues of coordination between stakeholders in the integration system, leading to activities colliding with each other regarding both time and content. Social enterprises also face altered political conditions and experience miscommunication, which affect them from economic and human resources points of views. From the part of participants, there is a risk that they lose focus and the ability to follow the logic of the programs they attend. The exploration indicates that small-scale social enterprises play important roles in the integration system. However, there are hindrances built into their organizational form and the system, which prevents them from developing programs and activities that fit the needs of immigrants.
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| 10. |
- Omondi, Lillian, et al.
(författare)
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Getting and Keeping a Foot in the Door: Strategies by Migrant and Informal Sector Women to Remain Relevant in the Labour Market
- 2019
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Ingår i: Research on Humanities and Social Sciences. - 2224-5766 .- 2225-0484. ; 9:22, s. 14-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 5 and 8 focus on gender equality; decent work and economic growth respectively. The achievement of these goals requires a realization that gender parity is significant to the growth of global economies, and that meaningful inclusion of women in the labour market is a major contributor to reducing the global gender gap. Over the years, there has been an increase in the participation of women in the labour market. Despite the various measures put in place, this inclusion continues to be hampered by structural and cultural factors. However stereotypic roles and responsibilities as well as systematic structural inequalities within the labour market continue to serve as barriers to optimal involvement and participation in gainful employment. This article seeks to explore these gender related inequalities that threaten to exacerbate women’s economic vulnerability and dependence for specific localized groups of women in Kenya and Sweden. Using a framework based on structure, culture and agency, the article illuminates how these women navigate challenges presented by the nature of the job, multiplicity of roles and language as an empowering tool. Key insights from the study established that the women in the different contexts experienced similar threats and used their agency to maneuver these so as to participate as effectively as they could in the labour market. The coping mechanisms employed by these women present opportunities for policy makers and advisors in both contexts to explore in the quest to improve women’s participation in the workforce.
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