| 1. |
- Gentvilaite, Ruta, et al.
(författare)
-
The Role of Energy Quality in Shaping Long-Term Energy Intensity in Europe
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 8:1, s. 133-153
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On the European aggregate level there is an inverted-U curve for long-term energy intensity. In the 19th century aggregate European energy intensity rose, followed by a declining trend during the 20th century. This article discusses the possible explanations for the declining trend during the 20th century and explores the role of energy quality as expressed in energy prices. For the first time a complete set of national energy retail prices covering two centuries has been constructed and used for Britain, while the energy price data previously available for Sweden until 2000 has been updated to 2009. This allows us to explore the role of energy quality in shaping long-term energy intensity. We find no relation between energy quality and energy intensity in the 19th century, while energy quality may have stimulated the declining energy intensity in Europe over the 20th century, but is not the sole or even main reason for the decline. Rather, increased economic efficiency in the use of energy services seems to have been the main driver for the decline after 1970, presumably driven by the information and communication technology.
|
|
| 2. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
-
Economic environmental history : anything new under the sun?
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Structural analysis and the process of economic development : Essays in memory of Lennart Schön - Essays in memory of Lennart Schön. - 9781315657042 - 9781138101302 ; , s. 174-190
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 3. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
-
Innovation Trends and Industrial Renewal in Finland and Sweden 1970-2013
- 2017
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We examine trends in innovation output for two highly ranked innovative countries: Finland and Sweden (1970-2013). Our novel dataset, collected using the LBIO (literature-based innovation output) method, suggests that the innovation trends are positive for both countries, despite an extended downturn in the 1980s. The findings cast some doubt on the proposition that the current stagnation of many developed countries is due to a lack of innovation and investment opportunities. Our data show that Finland catches up to, and passes, Sweden in innovation output in the 1990s. In per capita terms, Finland stays ahead throughout the period. We find that the strong Finnish performance is largely driven by innovation increase in just a handfull of industries. Both countries saw a rise in innovation during the dot-com era and the structural changes that followed. Since 2000 however, Sweden has outperformed Finland in terms of total innovations, especially in machinery and ICT, while the Finnish rate of innovation has stabilized. We suggest that these patterns may be explained by different paths of industrial renewal.
|
|
| 4. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
-
International Trade and Energy Intensity during European Industrialization, 1870-1935
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 139, s. 33-44
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research suggests that there is an inverted U-shape curve for energy intensity in the long-run for Western Europewith a peak in the early 20th century. This paper tests the hypothesis that the increase of German and British energy intensity was an effect from the concentration of heavy industrial production to these countries, although the consumption of a significant share of these goods took place elsewhere. We use an entirely new database that we have constructed (TEG: Trade, Energy, Growth) to test whether these countries exported more energy-demanding goods than they imported, thus providing other countries with means to industrialize and to consume cheap-energy demanding goods. We find that the U-shape curve is greatly diminished but does not disappear. The pronounced inverted U-curve in German energy intensity without trade adjustments is reduced when we account for energy embodied in the traded commodities. For Britain the shape of the curve is also flattened during the second half of the 19th century, before falling from WWI onwards. These consumption-based accounts are strongly influenced by the trade in metal goods and fuels, facilitating industrialization elsewhere.
|
|
| 5. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
-
National greenhouse-gas accounting for effective climate policy on international trade
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Nature Climate Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1758-6798 .- 1758-678X. ; 5:5, s. 431-435
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- National greenhouse-gas accounting should reflect how countries’ policies and behaviours affect global emissions. Actions that contribute to reduced global emissions should be credited, and actions that increase them should be penalized. This is essential if accounting is to serve as accurate guidance for climate policy. Yet this principle is not satisfied by the two most common accounting methods. Production-based accounting used under the Kyoto Protocol does not account for carbon leakage — the phenomenon of countries reducing their domestic emissions by shifting carbon-intensive production abroad1. Consumption-based accounting2,3 (also called carbon footprinting) does not credit countries for cleaning up their export industries, and it also punishes some types of trade that could contribute to more carbon efficient production worldwide. We propose an improvement to consumption-based carbon accounting that takes technology differences in export sectors into account and thereby tends to more correctly reflect how national policy changes affect total global emissions. We also present empirical results showing how this new measure redraws the global emissions map.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Nielsen, Hana, et al.
(författare)
-
East versus West: Energy Transition and Energy Intensity in Coal-Rich Europe 1830-2000
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper examines energy consumption in Britain, Germany and Czechoslovakia over 130 years, including both traditional and modern energy carriers. The article is based on new series of energy consumption for Czechoslovakia that includes traditional energy sources, and, which is compared to energy use in other coal-rich countries in Europe: Germany and Britain. Changes in energy consumption are decomposed into effects from population growth, economic growth and energy intensity. There are two major findings from the long-run transitions we identify. First, by exploring the coal transition for coal-rich versus coal-poor countries in Europe, we find some remarkable similarities between both Germany and Czechoslovakia. We show that when we include Germany, England and the Czech Republic there is in an inverted U-curve in energy intensity, even when traditional energy carriers are taken into account, in contrast with results for four coal-poor countries in the Northern and Southern parts of Europe, where energy intensity was either declining or staying fairly constant in the long run. Secondly, the paper identifies a different transition path after the WII, a period in which Czechoslovakia’s energy intensity diverged from the trend observed in previous decades and also in Germany and England. Through a more detailed decomposition of the Czechoslovak energy intensity after 1950, we argue that the rise in energy intensity was a consequence of multiple forces, including high industrial energy use, structural change towards metals and chemicals (the backbone of central planning) and inefficiencies in energy use in those two sectors as well as high transformation losses of theelectricity production. We suggest the central-planning system to be the main driver of this development, but with effects that are particular to some sectors rather than spread across all energy use.
|
|
| 8. |
- Nielsen, Hana, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy efficiency and the productivity race in industry
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The major aim of this paper is to analyze energy use and particularly energy productivity in some of the major manufacturing processes, such as iron and steel or paper production. Energy, as one of factors of production and substitute to labor, has often been neglected in various productivity benchmark studies. It is the aim of this paper to further investigate this relationship between energy and labor productivity, with a specific focus on the manufacturing industries across Europe and the US.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Torregrosa Hetland, Sara, et al.
(författare)
-
Impact of innovation policy on firm innovation : A comparison of Finland and Sweden, 1970-2013
- 2017
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To what extent have public policies contributed to the innovation performance of Finland and Sweden in the period 1970-2013? This paper aims to assess the share of innovations stimulated by the public sector, specifically because of receiving public funding or being the result of research collaboration with public institutions. We combine survey and LBIO results on these variables, to overcome reporting biases found in the two methods.The main data comes from the new UDIT dataset, which gathers the most significant innovations of both countries for the period, in total about 4,100 Swedish and 2,600 Finnish innovations. It has been constructed following the LBIO method (Literature Based Innovation Output), which obtains information on relevant commercialized innovations from general technology journals as well as industry specific trade journals.Our results indicate that Finland had a substantially larger public involvement in these innovations than Sweden. This is specially true in the years between 1990 and 2000, when we see a drop in the relative role of the Swedish public sector in innovation output, while the Finnish trends are constant or slightly increasing over the period. However, in both countries public policies lie behind a significant share of the innovations (30-50% in Finland, 15-35% in Sweden), and in the Swedish case we can further assess that the publicly stimulated innovations were more often found among the most significant new products (written about in several articles).
|
|
