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| 3. |
- Boström, Magnus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Dilemmas for standardizers of sustainable consumption
- 2014. - 1
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Ingår i: Routledge international handbook of social and environmental change. - Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge. - 9780415782791 - 9781136707995 ; , s. 81-92
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Boström, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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“The green political consumer of food: A critical analysis of the research and policies”
- 2010
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Ingår i: Anthropology of Food. - 1609-9168.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedThis paper reviews the current literature on political and ethical consumers, and relates it to the topic of sustainable food consumption. A first aim is to problematise a somewhat simplistic view of the political and ethical consumer found in the literature. The paper sheds light on some of the dilemmas that confront green political consumers. We indicate that most existing studies say very little about consumers’ thoughts, assumptions, and reflections about green consumerism in general, and about green consumerist tools, such as green labels, more specifically. Based on a literature review, we draw a picture of the typical concerned consumer as reflective, uncertain and ambivalent. This is connected to a second aim of the paper: to discuss a gap or mismatch between the production side and consumption side of green (food) labels. We conclude the paper by suggesting that green and ethical information schemes could become much more in line with the reflective nature of green, political consumers. We relate this discussion to concepts such as sub-politics and meta-politics.
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- Hildingsson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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Klimatpolitisk styrningsproblematik
- 2011
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Ingår i: Vägval 2050: Styrningsutmaningar och förändringsstrategier för en omställning till ett kolsnålt samhälle. ; , s. 22-27
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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En hållbar bioenergiutveckling i Sverige
- 2011
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Ingår i: Vägval 2050 – Styrningsutmaningar och förändringsstrategier för en omställning till ett kolsnålt samhälle.
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Jordens medeltemperatur bör inte höjas mer än högst 2 grader till år 2050. Det är ett mål som Sverige har ställt sig bakom. Om vi ska lyckas med detta måste vi drastiskt minska våra utsläpp av koldioxid och andra växthusgaser. Forskningsprogrammet LETS arbetar med frågor som: Vilken politisk styrning och institutionell förändring krävs? Vilka hinder finns och vilka är möjligheterna på vägen mot det kolneutrala samhället 2050? Forskningen inom programmet omfattar sex områden. Dessa är studier av framtida scenarier och modeller, ekonomiska och politiska styrmedel, urban och regional planering samt infrastruktur, marknad och industri för framställning av bioenergi, frivilliga styrmedel på konsumentnivå samt logistik och godstransporter. Rapporten Vägval 2050 tar avstamp i forskningsresultaten från de ovannämnda områdena pekar på styrningsutmaningarna och ger förslag till förändringstrategier. I kapitlet om bioenergi diskuteras de utmaningar och möjligheter som en ökad produktion och användning av bioenergi medför för Sverige.
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- Khan, Jamil, et al.
(författare)
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Vägval 2050: Styrningsutmaningar och förändringsstrategier för en omställning till ett kolsnålt samhälle
- 2011
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Today there are climate policy targets within the EU and Sweden about limiting global warming and drastically reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In order to stay within the goal of a global warming of less than 2 ºC, the industrialised countries should decrease their emissions by 80-95 % in 2050, and bring them down to zero in the longer run. Scenario studies indicate that this is possible to achieve and the main technological alternatives are known. But rapid technical development and large behavioural changes do not happen by themselves and the transition to a low-carbon society is principally a political challenge which demands new ways of thinking about societal steering and governance. In this report a broad group of researchers from different scientific disciplines, who are active within the research programme LETS 2050, analyse the role of governance for a low-carbon transition. Important governance challenges and policy choices in a variety of sectors are discussed. The overarching question is: How can a low-carbon transition be governed effectively in ways that are acceptable for different actors and interests and for society at large? In the report we relate to existing Swedish scenario studies which have identified how Sweden can reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. In nine chapters the associated governance challenges are studied for different sectors and technologies. The topics that are studied are bioenergy, wind power, energy efficient houses, decarbonisation of industry, freight transport, future energy carriers in the transport sector, planning for reduced transport and the emergence of climate reflective citizens. The time horizon of the report is 2050 and beyond which means that we analyse political choices for a long term low-carbon transition. At the same time we focus on the path to get there, and on what needs to be done here and now in order to move society in the direction of the long-term goal. Governing a low-carbon transition will require thoroughgoing policy changes at different levels. In this report the need for changes are analysed at (i) the policy level (policy instruments, measures, resources), (ii) the institutional level (legislation, organisational structures) and (iii) the paradigm level (basic norms, discourses, values). In the different chapters, specific recommendations are made regarding the need for change and the policy choices that have to be made. At the policy level a recurring theme is that general policy instruments to increase the price of carbon, through e.g. carbon taxes or emission trading (e.g. EU ETS), should be a main strategy in a transition to a low-carbon society. These policy instruments increase the attractiveness of lowcarbon technologies and behaviour, while they remain neutral in the sense that they do not dictate exactly what technology or measure that should be used. However, general policy instruments do not provide the whole solution and, for different reasons, they need to be complemented by other instruments and measures. For successful and long-term climate governance there is a need to improve the development and deployment of so called “second best” policy strategies and instruments. In the report a number of specific policy instruments that would be relevant today are discussed. For bioenergy and off-shore wind power, policy instruments to support research, demonstration and introduction of new technologies, need to be considered. For energy efficient buildings, a combination of stricter regulation and initiatives to foster voluntary co-operation and technology diffusion would be an important complement to economic incentives. Strategic public investment in infrastructure is a particularly important measure to push the transport sector in the direction of a transition. Complementary policy instruments can also be needed to handle the effects of a more ambitious climate policy and here bioenergy serves as an example. An increased use of the bioenergy resource will lead to potential conflicts with other uses (wood, food production) as well as other environmental goals (biodiversity, sustainable forests). For this reason there is a need for a continuous development of policy instruments and regulations to avoid the negative consequences of an increased bioenergy use. This report shows that while new, purposeful policy instruments certainly are necessary, they are not sufficient to promote and support a low-carbon transition. In many areas there is also need for institutional changes and reforms, e.g. changes in legislation and norm systems or adjustments in how society is organised. The lack of environmental competence and knowledge among the actors in the building sector is identified as an important impediment to more energy efficient buildings. Energy efficient solutions are seldom prioritised when new buildings are planned and old buildings are renovated, and a major educational reform that covers all relevant actors would therefore be an important measure. The large need for technological development also calls for institutional change, which is discussed in the chapters on basic industry and on new energy carriers in the transport sector. Two questions are critical. First, technological development and innovation are international, or even global, processes and it is not easy to decide which role Sweden can and should play. Second, there are major uncertainties as to which technologies will be successful, and some investments may therefore lead to poor results. This puts requirements on flexible governance arrangements which have the capacity to support promising technologies, but also to change or remove support when it is no longer motivated. Technological support is necessary in all phases of the innovation process, not only in basic research but also in diffusion and commercialisation. In another chapter institutional measures that might strengthen the capacity to reduce transport demand through urban and regional planning are discussed, for instance an increased integration of transport and land-use planning and new types of network and knowledge building. The basic goal would be reforms that reward planning measures that contribute to increased sustainability of transport. Stricter regulation and economic incentives to more sustainable plans are two possible measures. The third level in the framework is also the most evasive, but nevertheless central in order to understand the preconditions for political decisions and policy choices. Here we are dealing with the need for changes in policy paradigms, or basic perspectives and values, which are necessary to make policy- and institutional reforms possible in the first place. The importance of paradigms is particularly visible in the transport sector. Simply put, there are two main strategies to reduce the emissions of the transport sector. One is to develop new technology and make existing technology more efficient. The other is to reduce transport volumes and increase modal shift to low carbon transport modes. The most robust option would be to combine the two strategies and both develop new technology and at the same time find ways to break the trend of increasing transport volumes. In the analysis of transport and urban planning it is recognized that the transport policy goals state that accessibility, and not mobility, should be the guiding principle. While this opens up the possibility to plan for decreased transport demand, planning practice at all levels continues to be dominated by a mobility paradigm, when e.g. new residential areas are planned. In two of the chapters in the book, an analysis is made of how an accessibility paradigm could be strengthened by an active urban and regional planning, and by the emergence of an increased climate reflection among citizens which over time might transcend from being something marginal to become an established norm. In the conclusions of the report five key issues are highlighted, critically important to reflect upon in order to develop effective governance of the transition to a low-carbon society. First, the state needs to show stronger leadership and the on-going process on a Swedish low-carbon roadmap could be a step in that direction. One of the most important tasks for the state is to provide direction and establish a political vision that societal actors can agree upon. This needs to be backed up by policy measures to steer and organise the implementation and to generate credibility and create legitimacy for the long-term transition. There is a long tradition of policy instruments and measures to fall back upon, which have made Sweden a pioneer in climate policy. But for the coming transition challenge, more is needed. One area, in which the state could become more active, is in its support to the development of new technology, both through R&D, diffusion policies and investments in supporting infrastructure. Another measure is to upgrade the role of planning as a steering mechanism for the transition. Second, it is important to bear in mind that Sweden is dependent on the outside world for an effective climate policy, not the least in relation to the EU. The dependence is however not the same in all sectors. For wind power, bioenergy and energy efficiency in buildings, Sweden can to a large extent decide over its own development. Here, the challenges are rather to put the right policy instruments in place, to co-ordinate and give incentives to key actors, and to make necessary changes in legislation and planning systems. In other areas, such as the basic industry and transport, the international dependence is higher, due to global trends, international competitiveness and technical development. Still there are many things that can be done domestically to facilitate and prepare for a transition. For industry it is e.g. important to develop visions and strategies for how emissions can be reduced while maintaining
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| 10. |
- Klintman, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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“Challenges to Legitimacy in Food Safety Governance? The Case of the European Food Safety Authority”
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of European Integration. - 0703-6337. ; 32:3, s. 309-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ‘old’ forms of governance have been criticised for being neither sufficiently democratic nor effective. The popularity of ‘new’ modes of governance includes the embracing of values – integral to democratic processes – such as legitimacy, public accountability and trust. By relating parts of this ‘old-vs.-new’ distinction to March & Olsen’s dichotomy of aggregative vs. integrative political processes, the aim of this paper is to find patterns for how such processes are combined in European food safety governance. The paper focuses on the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). What forms of participation can be found in ‘new’ food safety governance? How are these forms of participation related to the aims of increasing the legitimacy? The article discusses challenges involved in EFSA’s mixing of integrative goals and the organisation’s view of food safety politics, in which aggregative policy processes are conceived as a rough ‘natural state’ which should be tamed.
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