| 1. |
- Allemani, Claudia, et al.
(author)
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Breast cancer survival in the US and Europe: a CONCORD high-resolution study
- 2013
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In: International Journal of Cancer. - : Wiley. - 0020-7136. ; 132:5, s. 1170-1181
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Breast cancer survival is reportedly higher in the US than in Europe. The first worldwide study (CONCORD) found wide international differences in age-standardized survival. The aim of this study is to explain these survival differences. Population-based data on stage at diagnosis, diagnostic procedures, treatment and follow-up were collected for about 20,000 women diagnosed with breast cancer aged 15-99 years during 1996-98 in 7 US states and 12 European countries. Age-standardized net survival and the excess hazard of death up to 5 years after diagnosis were estimated by jurisdiction (registry, country, European region), age and stage with flexible parametric models. Breast cancers were generally less advanced in the US than in Europe. Stage also varied less between US states than between European jurisdictions. Early, node-negative tumors were more frequent in the US (39%) than in Europe (32%), while locally advanced tumors were twice as frequent in Europe (8%), and metastatic tumors of similar frequency (5-6%). Net survival in Northern, Western and Southern Europe (81-84%) was similar to that in the US (84%), but lower in Eastern Europe (69%). For the first 3 years after diagnosis the mean excess hazard was higher in Eastern Europe than elsewhere: the difference was most marked for women aged 70-99 years, and mainly confined to women with locally advanced or metastatic tumors. Differences in breast cancer survival between Europe and the US in the late 1990s were mainly explained by lower survival in Eastern Europe, where low healthcare expenditure may have constrained the quality of treatment.
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| 2. |
- Ciesielski, A., et al.
(author)
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Stability of radiation-pressure dominated disks: I. the dispersion relation for a delayed heating α-viscosity prescription
- 2012
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In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 538
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We derive and investigate the dispersion relation for accretion disks with retarded or advanced heating. We follow the α-prescription but allow for a time offset τ between heating and pressure perturbations, as well as for a diminished response of heating to pressure variations. We study in detail solutions of the dispersion relation for disks with radiation-pressure fraction, 1-β, and ξ, the ratio of viscous stress response to pressure perturbations. For τ < 0 (advanced heating) the number and sign of real solutions for the growth rate depend on the values of τ, and ξ: if the magnitude of τ is larger than a critical value (e.g., more than twice the thermal time,-τ > 2 τ th, for β = 0 and ξ = 1) two real solutions exist, which are both negative. These results imply that radiation-pressure dominated accretion disks may be stabilized when there is a time delay between stress fluctuations and fluctuations in heating. © 2012 ESO.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Abramowicz, Marek A, 1945, et al.
(author)
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Mass of a Black Hole Firewall
- 2014
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In: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007. ; 112:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Quantum entanglement of Hawking radiation has been supposed to give rise to a Planck density "firewall" near the event horizon of old black holes. We show that Planck density firewalls are excluded by Einstein's equations for black holes of mass exceeding the Planck mass. We find an upper limit of 1/(8 pi M) to the surface density of a firewall in a Schwarzschild black hole of mass M, translating for astrophysical black holes into a firewall density smaller than the Planck density by more than 30 orders of magnitude. A strict upper limit on the firewall density is given by the Planck density times the ratio M-Pl/(8 pi M).
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| 5. |
- Lasota, J. P., et al.
(author)
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Extracting black-hole rotational energy: The generalized Penrose process
- 2014
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In: Physical Review D. - 1550-7998. ; 89:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the case involving particles, the necessary and sufficient condition for the Penrose process to extract energy from a rotating black hole is absorption of particles with negative energies and angular momenta. No torque at the black-hole horizon occurs. In this article we consider the case of arbitrary fields or matter described by an unspecified, general energy-momentum tensor T-mu nu and show that the necessary and sufficient condition for extraction of a black hole's rotational energy is analogous to that in the mechanical Penrose process: absorption of negative energy and negative angular momentum. We also show that a necessary condition for the Penrose process to occur is for the Noether current (the conserved energy-momentum density vector) to be spacelike or past directed (timelike or null) on some part of the horizon. In the particle case, our general criterion for the occurrence of a Penrose process reproduces the standard result. In the case of relativistic jet-producing "magnetically arrested disks," we show that the negative energy and angular-momentum absorption condition is obeyed when the Blandford-Znajek mechanism is at work, and hence the high energy extraction efficiency up to similar to 300% found in recent numerical simulations of such accretion flows results from tapping the black hole's rotational energy through the Penrose process. We show how black-hole rotational energy extraction works in this case by describing the Penrose process in terms of the Noether current.
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