| 1. |
- Larsson, Jan-Olov, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change of ADHD symptoms between 8 and 13 years of age : a longitudinal twin study
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - Philadelphia, USA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0890-8567 .- 1527-5418. ; 43:10, s. 1267-1275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To study the genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms between 8 and 9 and 13 and 14 years of age.Method: The sample included 1,480 twin pairs born in Sweden between May 1985 and December 1986. At wave 1 in 1994, when twins were 8-9 years old, 1,106 (75%) of the parents responded to a mailed questionnaire, and at wave 2 when the twins were 13-14 years old, 1,063 (73%) responded. A checklist with 14 items based on the 14 DSM-III-R symptoms for ADHD was completed. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.Results: A relatively high stability of ADHD symptoms over this 5-year period was found. This continuity was mainly due to the same genetic effects operating at both points in time. Change in symptoms between childhood and early adolescence was to a large extent due to new genetic effects in early adolescence but also due to new nonshared environmental effects that became important during adolescence.Conclusions: The genetic stability highlights the importance of the continuing search for genes and endophenotypes of ADHD.
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| 2. |
- Lichtenstein, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Remembered Parental Bonding in Adult Twins: Genetic and Environmental Influences
- 2003
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Ingår i: Behavior Genetics. - 0001-8244. ; 33:4, s. 397-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One common assumption in psychology is the impact of parenting and parent-child relationships on the child's adjustment throughout the life span. Studies have indicated that there are genetic influences on memories of parenting, but how these influences are mediated has not typically been investigated. A sample of 150 pairs of monozygotic and 176 pairs of dizygotic Swedish twin women reported on personal characteristics and on remembered relationships with their mother and father using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). Quantitative genetic analyses showed moderate genetic influences for remembered parental warmth, which also was partly explained by genetic influences for optimism, aggression, and humor. The other two PBI scales, authoritarianism and protectiveness, showed only shared and nonshared environmental influences. One interpretation of the findings is that heritable personal characteristics of children elicit parental warmth. However, other explanations such as personality characteristics influencing how experiences with parents are interpreted or circumstances in adult life that affect the recall of experiences could not be ruled out.
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| 3. |
- Neiderhiser, Jenae M., et al.
(författare)
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Genetic and Environmental Influences on Mothering of Adolescents: A Comparison of Two Samples
- 2004
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Ingår i: Developmental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0012-1649 .- 1939-0599. ; 40:3, s. 335-351
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined 2 samples of adolescents and mothers using a child-based design (Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development [NEAD] project, N = 395 families) and a parent-based design (Twin Moms [TM] project, N = 236 twin family pairs) to compare genetic and environmental influences on mothering. For both samples, the same measures of positivity, negativity, control, and monitoring were used. The use of matched child-based and parent-based samples enabled passive and nonpassive genotype-environment (GE) correlations to be approximated, providing information about process. Passive GE correlations were suggested for mother's positivity and monitoring. For mother's negativity and control, primarily nonpassive GE correlations were suggested. In several cases, both types of GE correlation were indicated. Finally, observer ratings of negativity and monitoring were influenced only by environmental factors.
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| 4. |
- Reiss, David, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic probes of three theories of maternal adjustment: I. Recent evidence and a model
- 2001
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Ingår i: Family Process. - : Wiley. - 0014-7370 .- 1545-5300. ; 40:3, s. 247-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies focusing on genetic and social influences on maternal adjustment will illumine mother's marriage, parenting, and the development of psychopathology in her children. Recent behavioral genetic research suggests mechanisms by which genetic and social influences determine psychological development and adjustment. First, heritable, personal attributes may influence individuals' relationships with their family members. These genetically influenced family patterns may amplify the effects of adverse, heritable personal attributes on adjustment. Second, influences unique to siblings may be the most important environmental determinants of adjustment. We derive three hypotheses on maternal adjustment from integrating these findings from genetic studies with other contemporary research on maternal adjustment. First, mother's marriage mediates the influence of her heritable, personal attributes on her adjustment. Second, mother's recall of how she was parented is partially genetically influenced, and both her relationships with her spouse and her child mediate the impact of these genetically influenced representations on, her current adjustment. Third, characteristics of mother's spouse are important influences on difference between her adjustment and that of her sister's. These sibling-specific influences are unrelated to mother's heritable attributes. The current article develops this model, and the companion article describes the Twin Mom Study that was designed to test it as well, as its first findings. Data from this study can illumine the role of family process in the expression of genetic influence and lead to specific family interventions designed to offset adverse genetic influences.
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| 5. |
- Reiss, David, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic probes of three theories of maternal adjustment: II. Genetic and environmental influences
- 2001
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Ingår i: Family Process. - : Wiley. - 0014-7370 .- 1545-5300. ; 40:3, s. 261-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This is the first report of the Twin Mom Study, an investigation. of three hypotheses concerning influences on maternal adjustment. These hypotheses concern the role of the marital and parent-child relationships in mediating genetic influences on maternal adjustment and on the importance of the mothers' marital partners as a specifiable source of influences on their adjustment not shared with their sisters. The study's sample of 150 monozygotic (MZ) twins and 176 dizygotic (DZ) twins was drawn randomly from the Swedish Twin Registry and is, with some small exceptions, likely to be representative of women in the Swedish population. The sample included the marital partners of these twins and their adolescent children. Self-report and coded videotapes were a source of information about family process. Results reported in this first report focus on comparability of American and Swedish samples on scales measuring psychiatric symptoms, and on an analysis of genetic and environmental influences on nine measures of mothers' adjustment. Results suggest comparability between the US and Sweden. Genetic influences were found for all measures of adjustment, particularly in the psychological manifestations of anxiety and for smoking. The pattern of findings also underscored the importance of influences unique to each sibling within the twin pair, thus focusing attention on the potential role of marital partners in maternal adjustment. Results also suggested that experiences shared by the twin sisters, experiences unrelated to their genetic similarity, may influence their fearfulness and alcohol consumption. Our model did not include these influences and thus must be amended.
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| 6. |
- Saudino, Kimberly J., et al.
(författare)
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Is etiology in the eye of the beholder? : parent, self, and teacher ratings of behavior problems in early adolescence
- 2002
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Ingår i: Behavior genetics. - 0001-8244. ; 32:6, s. 484-484
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- From a phenotypic perspective, research has clearly shown that for ratings of behavior problems, different informants typically do not contribute the same information about the child’s behavior (Achenbach, McConaughy, Howell, 1987, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,15, 629-650). The present research examines this at the level of etiology. Parent, self, and teacher ratings of internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems were obtained for a sample of young adolescent twins participating in the Swedish Young Twins Study (Females: 214 MZ, 184 DZ pairs; Males: 206 MZ, 163 DZpairs; mean age 513.7 years). For internalizing and attention problems, the phenotypic correlations between raters was moderate ranging from .30 to .52 for males and .25 to .48 for females. However, for internalizing problems, teacher ratings showed less agreement with parent or child ratings ranging from .17 to .27 for males and only .15 to .18 for females. Multivariate model-fitting analyses were conducted separately by sex to explore the extent to which the covariance between raters was due to genetic and environmental influences. For internalizing problems in females, there was significant genetic and nonshared environmental covariance between parent and child ratings. However, genetic and nonshared environmental influences on teacher ratings were specific to the measure. For males, the covariance between raters was due to shared environmental influences. Genetic influences on child and teacher ratings were specific to each rater. For externalizing problems, both females and males showed common and specific genetic influences across raters. Moreover, for females, nonshared environmental influences, and for males, shared environmental influences also contributed to the covariance between parent and child ratings. Finally, the covariance between raters for attention problems was due to both genetic and nonshared environmental influences for females, but only genetic influences for males. In both cases, there were genetic influences that were specific to raters.
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| 7. |
- Spotts, Erica L., et al.
(författare)
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Accounting for depressive symptoms in women: a twin study of associations with interpersonal relationships
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Affective Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 1573-2517 .- 0165-0327. ; 82:1, s. 101-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: This study examined how interpersonal relationships, specifically marital quality and adequacy of social support, are associated with depressive symptoms among women. Methods: A sample of 326 female monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs and their spouses was drawn from the Swedish Twin Registry. Associations among the three variables were evaluated by comparing similarities among monozygotic and dizygotic female twin pairs. Results: Interpersonal relationships contributed between 18% and 31% of the variance for depressive symptoms in women. Associations among the three variables were accounted for by genetic influences when women's reports were used. Non-shared environmental influences were important for the association between marital quality and depressive symptoms when a combination of husband and wife reports of marital quality were used. Limitations: The data is cross-sectional and the generalizability of these findings to depressive symptoms in men or to individuals with major depression is not clear. Conclusions: These findings indicate important associations among marital quality, social support and depressive symptoms in women, which should be taken into consideration for prevention and intervention strategies targeting depression.
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| 8. |
- Spotts, Erica L., et al.
(författare)
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Genetic and Environmental Influences on Marital Relationships
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Family Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0893-3200 .- 1939-1293. ; 18:1, s. 107-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As most adults will marry at least once during their lifetime, studying marital quality and its predictors is of great importance. The current study addresses (a) the extent of agreement between husbands and wives on their marital quality, (b) genetic and environmental sources of individual differences on spouse reports of marital quality, and (c) the extent to which genetic and environmental influences account for overlap of spouse reports on marital quality. Adult Swedish twin women and their partners participated in this study. Genotype-environment (GE) correlations were found for marital quality, suggesting that wives' genetically influenced characteristics set a tone for the marriage. Wives' genetically influenced characteristics also accounted for overlap of spouse reports of marital quality. Finally, nonshared environmental influences were the primary contributor to both individual reports and the overlap of spouse reports, an interesting deviation from findings of behavior genetic studies of other types of relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Tuvblad, Catherine, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Low heritability for antisocial behavior among adolescents residing in low socioeconomic environments
- 2004
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Ingår i: Behavior Genetics. - 0001-8244. ; 34:6, s. 662-662
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Socioeconomic status and contextual variables are often assumed to be of importance for the development of antisocial behavior (ASB), yet they explain only a fraction of the variance (M. Stouthamer-Loeber,et al.(2002).J. Consult. Clin. Psych.70:111–123; R. J. Sampson, et al.(1997).Science277: 918–924). An explanation to this paradox could be that socioeconomic status moderates the influences of genetic and environmental effects on ASB. The Twin study of CHild and Adolescent Development (TCHAD) is a Swedish longitudinal population-based study including 1,480 twin pairs born 1985–1986.The present study included 1139 of the twin pairs, aged 16–17 years. ASB was measured through self-report. Neighborhood socioeconomic status was assessed using five variables on aggregated level: ethnicity, educational level, occupational status, buying power, and neighbourhood crime rate. Family socioeconomic status was assessed by parental reported educational and occupational status. We used structural equation modeling to test whether socioeconomic status interacts with latent genetic and environmental effects of ASB. We found an interaction for girls between genetic influences and ethnicity; among girls living in a neighborhood with a mixed ethnic population, there was little evidence of genetic effects on ASB, whereas heritability was pronounced in areas with a high degree of ethnic Swedes. For boys, there was an interaction in parental reported occupational status; i.e. low familial occupational status resulted in less influence of genetic effects on ASB. The results suggest that adolescents residing in low socioeconomic environments are less sensitive to genetic influences for ASB.
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