| 1. |
- Eriksson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Allocation of infrastructure cost in the maritime sector
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable consists in principle of two parts; one part with a review of the literature around maritime infrastructure cost with a focus on fairways (section 3), pilotage (section 4) and ports (section 5) and another part with an in-depth study on the Baltic icebreaking fleet (section 6). Our main conclusion from the first part is that all these parts of the infrastructure (fairways, pilotage and ports) show significant economies of scale. A long run marginal cost pricing strategy will never recover the cost and a short run pricing strategy (including user costs) will have problems with cost recovery if the capacity utilisation is low. The pricing strategies observed seem to use numerous forms of two part tariffs and "Ramsey" pricing solutions to solve the cost recovery issue of the sector. The consequence of all these (small) deviations from marginal cost pricing should probably be further analysed. The second part deals with icebreaking and notes that icebreaking in open water is not charged for by any EU Member State. Still the case study reported in this paper shows that the operation is characterised by considerable marginal costs. Finally, a relevant question to address is to what extent there are justifications for European or international legislation on maritime charging in the light of economic theory. Obviously, it is useful to address different parts of the maritime infrastructure separately.
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| 2. |
- Nilsson, Jan-Eric, et al.
(författare)
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Infrastrukturpolitik på samhällsekonomisk grund
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A government committee, Trafikverksutredningen, has commissioned VTI to review the national infrastructure policy regarding construction and maintenance of roads and railways as well as concerning policies to ascertain its appropriate use. Based on our review, recommendations are given relative to the appropriate organisation of a future infrastructure agency and the ways in which responsibilities for different types of decisions can be split between the political and administrative/agency level in order to enhance efficiency in the use of scarce resources. The report has also been published as Appendix 2 to the official committee report (SOU 2009:31).
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| 3. |
- Ricci, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Infrastructure managers views on infrastructure cost allocation
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable summarises the Infrastructure managers (IM) feedback concerning the possibility to implement the CATRIN recommendations. The background activities carried out by the CATRIN IMs in preparation of this report have been: 1. A survey among IMs, in which the CATRIN IMs have reviewed the current pricing principles and have expressed their positions concerning the adoption of other principles in the formulation and implementation of pricing policies. 2. Interviews with the IMs in order to discuss cost allocation methods in use, for which the review of current practices has led to the identification and discussion of the most relevant issues at stake, problems, uncertainties and achievements. 3. Meetings with IMs in which the CATRIN IMs have provided input to the case studies and discussed the possibility to implement the CATRIN recommendations, as emerged from the CATRIN case studies.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Benevolence and the value of road safety
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study uses the contingent valuation method to elicit individuals' preferences for their own and others' safety in road-traffic. Whereas one group is asked about a private safety device for themselves, other groups are asked about safety devices for their children, household, relatives and the public. Support is found for the hypothesis that individuals are not purely selfish when it comes the safety of others.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Willingness to pay for car safety : sensitivity to time framing
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stated preference (SP) surveys attempt to obtain monetary values for non-market goods that reflect individuals "true" preferences. Numerous empirical studies suggest that monetary values from SP studies are sensitive to survey design and so may not reflect respondents' true preferences. This study examines the effect of time framing on respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) for car safety. We explore how WTP per unit risk reduction depends on the time period over which respondents pay and face reduced risk. Using data from a Swedish contingent valuation survey, we find that WTP is sensitive to time framing; estimates based on an annual scenario are about 30 to 70 percent higher than estimates from a monthly scenario.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Stig J, et al.
(författare)
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General practitioners' conceptions about treatment of depression and factors that may influence their practice in this area. A postal survey
- 2005
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Ingår i: BMC Family Practice. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2296. ; 6:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The way GPs work does not appear to be adapted to the needs of depressive patients. Therefore we wanted to examine Swedish GPs' conceptions of depressive disorders and their treatment and GPs' ideas of factors that may influence their manner of work with depressive patients. METHODS: A postal questionnaire to a stratified sample of 617 Swedish GPs. RESULTS: Most respondents assumed antidepressive drugs effective and did not assume that psychotherapy can replace drugs in depression treatment though many of them looked at psychotherapy as an essential complement. Nearly all respondents thought that clinical experiences had great importance in decision situations, but patients' own preferences and official clinical guidelines were also regarded as essential. As influences on their work, almost all surveyed GPs regarded experiences from general practice very important, and a majority also emphasised experiences from private life. Courses arranged by pharmaceutical companies were seen as essential sources of knowledge. A majority thought that psychiatrists did not provide sufficient help, while most respondents perceived they were well backed up by colleagues. CONCLUSION: GPs tend to emphasize experiences, both from clinical work and private life, and overlook influences of collegial dealings and ongoing CME as well as the effects of the pharmaceutical companies' marketing activities. Many GPs appear to need more evidence based knowledge about depressive disorders. Interventions to improve depression management have to be supporting and interactive, and should be combined with organisational reforms to improve co-operation with psychiatrists.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Björklund, Peyman, et al.
(författare)
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Stabilizing mutation of CTNNB1/beta-catenin and protein accumulation analyzed in a large series of parathyroid tumors of Swedish patients
- 2008
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Ingår i: Molecular Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4598. ; 7, s. 53-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Aberrant accumulation of beta-catenin plays an important role in a variety of human neoplasms. We recently reported accumulation of beta-catenin in parathyroid adenomas from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). In CTNNB1 exon 3, we detected a stabilizing mutation (S37A) in 3 out of 20 analyzed adenomas. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency and zygosity of mutations in CTNNB1 exon 3, and beta-catenin accumulation in a large series of parathyroid adenomas of Swedish patients. RESULTS: The mutation S37A (TCT > GCT) was detected by direct DNA sequencing of PCR fragments in 6 out of 104 sporadic parathyroid adenomas (5.8%). Taking our previous study into account, a total of 9 out of 124 (7.3%) adenomas displayed the same mutation. The mutations were homozygous by DNA sequencing, restriction enzyme cleavage, and gene copy number determination using the GeneChip 500 K Mapping Array Set. All tumors analyzed by immunohistochemistry, including those with mutation, displayed aberrant beta-catenin accumulation. Western blotting revealed a slightly higher expression level of beta-catenin and nonphosphorylated active beta-catenin in tumors with mutation compared to those without. Presence of the mutation was not related to distinct clinical characteristics. CONCLUSION: Aberrant accumulation of beta-catenin is very common in parathyroid tumors, and is caused by stabilizing homozygous mutation in 7.3% of Swedish pHPT patients.
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| 10. |
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