| 1. |
- Gander, Pierre, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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A social differential outcomes learning task: Performance, EEG, and questionnaire data
- 2020
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Ingår i: Data in Brief. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-3409. ; 33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article contains performance data, questionnaire ratings, and EEG data from a differential outcomes learning task from two experiments. In both experiments, the standard differential outcomes learning task was extended to involve a social dimension, in order to capture how people can learn from others by observation. In Experiment 1 (N=20), using a within-subjects design, participants learned pairings of image stimuli in four conditions: 1) individual-differential outcomes, 2) individual-non-differential outcomes, 3) social-differential outcomes, and 4) social-non-differential outcomes. The social condition had a screen-captured video recording of the outcomes (but not the actions themselves) of another person performing the task. During the task, the performance of the participants was measured. After the task, participants rated their experience in a questionnaire. The procedure for Experiment 2 (N=33) was similar to Experiment 1, but with a stronger social manipulation using a video of another person's face showing facial expressions reflecting the outcomes. In addition, EEG was measured while performing the task. For more insight, please see Vicarious value learning: Knowledge transfer through affective processing on a social differential outcomes task (Rittmo et al., 2020).
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| 2. |
- Lowe, Robert
(författare)
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Habit-Based and Goal-Directed Systems: Knowledge Transfer in Individual and Social Learning
- 2020
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Ingår i: Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics book series (SAPERE, volume 52). - : Springer. ; , s. 153-167
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present chapter discusses value-based habitual and goal-directed systems as studied in the animal and human learning literature. It focuses on the means by which these two systems might interact in knowledge transfer, particularly as it applies to social learning. Knowledge is conceived here in terms of types of logic computations as implemented by neural networks. A discussion of dual-process type structures in the brain is provided as well as neural-dynamic implementations thereof and considerations for how a perspective of the brain as carrying out logic computations might be useful for developing the general cognitive capacities of artificial agents.
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| 3. |
- Lowe, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Vicarious value learning by differential outcomes training: A social transfer of control methodology
- 2021
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Ingår i: MethodsX. - : Elsevier BV. - 2215-0161. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article adapts an existing experimental protocol for assessing individuals’ ability to transfer knowledge across instrumental and pavlovian learning stages. The protocol (Transfer of Control using differential outcomes learning) is adapted to fit social contexts wherein the pavlovian learning phase is modulated so that individuals are able to observe, and potentially learn from, the stimulus associated with reinforcing outcomes presented to another (observable) individual. Transfer of Control concerns participants combining knowledge of learned instrumental and pavlovian (stimulus, response, outcome) associations in order to ground the learning of new associations. The article describes the theoretical and procedural underpinnings of a novel Social Transfer of Control methodology. The use of such a methodology is two-fold: i) to serve as a guide to researchers interested in evaluating how individuals can learn from others in a partially observable setting, i.e. when behavioural and reinforcing outcome information is hidden, and bring to bear this knowledge on their own instrumental decision making; ii), to facilitate investigation of the routes of cognitive and emotional empathy, with potential applications for educational and clinical settings. • Three stage Transfer of Control behavioural methodology is adapted to include a social (pavlovian) learning stage. • Hypotheses can be tested that concern learning rewarding instrumental responses achieved by observation of others’ emotionally expressive reactions to differentially rewarding outcomes. • Methodological and validation considerations for evaluating the above are presented
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| 4. |
- Rittmo, Jonathan, et al.
(författare)
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Vicarious Value Learning: Knowledge transfer through affective processing on a social differential outcomes task
- 2020
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 Elsevier B.V. The findings of differential outcomes training procedures in controlled stimulus-response learning settings have been explained through theorizing two processes of response control. These processes concern: i) a stimulus-response route, and, ii) an outcome expectancy route through which valuations of stimuli (typically auditory or visual) may be represented. Critically, under certain contingencies of learning, the interaction of these two processes enables a transfer of knowledge. Transfer is hypothesized to occur via implicit inference for response selection given novel stimulus-response pairings. In this article, we test this transfer of knowledge, previously only examined in individual settings, in novel social settings. We find that participants are able to achieve transfer of knowledge and suggest they achieve this through vicariously learning the differential valuations of stimuli made by the (confederate) ‘other’ involved in the task. We test this effect under two experimental conditions through manipulation of the information made available to participants observing the confederate other's choices. The results of EEG recordings are, additionally, evaluated and discussed in the context of social signalling and emotional and cognitive empathy. We also consider implications for clinical and technological social learning settings.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Saunders, Harry D., et al.
(författare)
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Energy Efficiency : What Has Research Delivered in the Last 40 Years?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Environment and Resources. - : Annual Reviews. - 1543-5938 .- 1545-2050. ; 46, s. 135-165
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a critical assessment of 40 years of research that may be brought under the umbrella of energy efficiency, spanning different aggregations and domains-from individual producing and consuming agents to economy-wide effects to the role of innovation to the influence of policy. After 40 years of research, energy efficiency initiatives are generally perceived as highly effective. Innovation has contributed to lowering energy technology costs and increasing energy productivity. Energy efficiency programs in many cases have reduced energy use per unit of economic output and have been associated with net improvements in welfare, emission reductions, or both. Rebound effects at the macro level still warrant careful policy attention, as they may be nontrivial. Complexity of energy efficiency dynamics calls for further methodological and empirical advances, multidisciplinary approaches, and granular data at the service level for research in this field to be of greatest societal benefit.
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| 7. |
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The Logic of Social Practices
- 2020
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book reports on cutting-edge research concerning social practices. Merging perspectives from various disciplines, including philosophy, biology, and cognitive science, it discusses theoretical aspects of social behavior along with models to investigate them, and also presents key case studies. Further, It describes concepts related to habits, routines, and rituals and examines important features of human action, such as intentionality and choice, exploring the influence of specific social practices in different situations. Based on a workshop held in June 2018 at the 6th World Congress of Universal Logic, UNILOG2018, in Vichy, and including additional invited chapters, the book offers fresh insights into the fields of social practice and the cognitive, computational, and philosophical tools to understand them.
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| 8. |
- Watts, Nick, et al.
(författare)
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The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change : responding to converging crises
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 397:10269, s. 129-170
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Lancet Countdown is an international collaboration established to provide an independent, global monitoring system dedicated to tracking the emerging health profile of the changing climate.The 2020 report presents 43 indicators across five sections: climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerabilities; adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. This report represents the findings and consensus of the 35 leading academic institutions and UN agencies that make up The Lancet Countdown, and draws on the expertise of climate scientists, geographers, engineers, experts in energy, food, and transport, economists, social, and political scientists, data scientists, public health professionals, and doctors.
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