| 1. |
- Lindholst, Andrej Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Introducing the Research Setting: Four Countries and Two Local Services
- 2020
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Ingår i: Marketization in Local Government: Diffusion and Evolution in Scandinavia and England. Andrej Christian Lindholst, Morten Balle Hansen (red.). - Cham, Switzerland : Palgrave Macmillan, Springer Nature. - 9783030324773 ; , s. 79-98
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In comparative analysis of public management reforms, the general characteristics of countries and service contexts wherein reforms are implemented are important when examining and interpreting similarities and differences in the outcomes of reforms (Christensen and Lægreid, 2007; Greve et al., 2016; Pollitt and Bouckaert, 2011). When taking a comparative perspective, key characteristics of the politico-administrative system, such as Local Government structure, can provide a filter shaping the mix of policy instruments and organizational possibilities for implementing marketization within various services sectors. Similarly, the characteristics of the services sectors, such as…, are expected to provide a second filter shaping the outcomes from marketization. The country context of the book is represented by England and the three Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway and Sweden while the service context is represented by local park and road services. In the comparative perspective of the book, the country context varies while the service sector context is invariant. This chapter provides an overview and comparison of the general characteristics of the four countries and service context. The overview of the countries and service context focuses on relatively stable characteristics and their differences and similarities across the countries. The chapter is organised in two main sections. The first section provides an overview of the general characteristics of Local Governments in the four countries. The second section provides an overview of local park and road services in the four countries.
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| 2. |
- Lindholst, Andrej Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Patterns and Variations of Marketization Compared
- 2020
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Ingår i: Marketization in Local Government: Diffusion and Evolution in Scandinavia and England. - Cham, Switzerland : Palgrave Macmillan, Springer Nature. - 9783030324773 ; , s. 197 - 221
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In chapters 5 to 8, we provided an overview of trajectories of marketization and their impact on the organization and provision of municipal park and road services in each of the four countries: England and the three Scandinavian countries Sweden, Denmark and Norway. The country-based studies highlighted particular characteristics of marketization and how marketization has found its way within municipal park and road services. One key finding appearing from a cross-reading is that marketization is characterized by substantial variations across the four countries. The implementation of marketization both diverge and converge across the national contexts in unexpected ways. For example, the purposes for involving private providers and markets in public service delivery may not be so tightly coupled to cost concerns as envisioned in core new public management (NPM) reform models. Private providers and markets may also have equally important, albeit different, roles in public service delivery across radical and more cautious reform countries. Lastly, countries renowned for strong emphasis on marketization in their past reform trajectories may not appear that marketized after all – even within spearhead sectors such as municipal park and road services. Also, the study of economic outcomes from contracting out of park and road services in chapter 9 found substantial variations, including average cost savings in Denmark, a neutral effect on costs levels in Sweden and average cost increases in Norway, even after controlling for standard explanations such as the level of competition and contracting strategy. These variations in outcomes call for a careful appreciation of the comparative characteristics of the wider institutional context for marketization across different groups of countries. To gain a better understanding of similarities and differences in the patterns and variations in contemporary marketization in a comparative perspective, we have addressed the following two research questions: 1) To which degree do patterns and variations in contemporary marketization within municipal park and road services diverge (or converge) across England and the three Scandinavian countries, and 2) can any distinctive variants of marketization be identified across the four countries (or is marketization converging on a common model)? To answer these questions, we compare patterns and variations of contemporary marketization within a series of statistical analyses of comparable INOPS survey data from each of the four countries (see chapter 4 for details on data and methods). The INOPS survey data makes it possible to explore and carry out formal statistical tests of whether municipalities across the four countries converge or diverge in their implementation of features from different marketization models within the park and road services. The comparison extends the analysis of the implementation of marketization within municipal park and road services from the single-country perspectives found in chapters 5 to 8 toward a formalized comparative country analysis based on statistical techniques.
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| 3. |
- Lindholst, Andrej Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Research design, materials and methods
- 2020
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Ingår i: Marketization in Local Government: Diffusion and Evolution in Scandinavia and England. Andrej Christian Lindholst, Morten Balle Hansen (red.). - Cham, Switzerland : Palgrave Macmillan, Springer Nature. - 9783030324773 ; , s. 61-78
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phenomenon of marketization holds no lack of earlier research and has been researched through various empirical strategies. In this chapter we present the research strategy and primary data sources for the book. We highlight the relevance of the methodological approach within the range of empirical strategies employed in earlier research. Our research strategy is comparative in its outlook and integrates longitudinal and cross-sectorial analyses of experiences with marketization of park and road services within and across the four countries of England, Denmark, Sweden and Norway based on a mix of quantitative and qualitative data. A key feature of the book’s research strategy is that marketization is researched with an eye to the importance of differences in national context for the evolution and diffusion of marketization. The comparative character of our research strategy locates and distinguishes our contributions within a handful of strategies for contextualizing the phenomenon of marketization. In the marketization literature we find four major strategies. First, a group of studies focuses on experiences within a single country. One example is Kettl’s (1993) case-based study of experiences with the use of private markets and competition in the US. Another example is the collection of evidence on the impact from marketization on Swedish welfare found in the anthology edited by Hartmann (2011). Second, a group of studies looks beyond individual country contexts and starts with a global outlook on marketization. One example is Simmons and Elkins’ (2004) study of the diffusion of marketization across nations as part of a global neoliberal movement. Third, a group of studies embeds marketization as part of a more general research interest in public sector reforms. Greve (2006), for example, provides an overview of public management reform in Denmark including an assessment of the relative emphasis on marketization. Pollitt and Bouckaert’s (2011) contribution is another example, where marketization is viewed as part of the historical trends in public management reform in a comparative analysis of OECD countries. Finally, a group of studies connect or integrate experiences with marketization across two or more countries. One example is Greer et al.’s (2017) comparison of the different ways public employment services has been re-organized by adoption of market-based coordination mechanisms in three European countries. Another example is Alonso et al.’s (2017) study, using statistics from several European countries for a general evaluation of whether greater private involvement has led to reduced expenditures in services provided by central governments. A key difference between these two studies is the careful attention to the importance of national context in former while the latter evaluate financial performance across several countries in a highly generalized way. The empirical content and details of the four highlighted research strategies are further diversified by, for example, the number and type of government or service sector(s), the type of data sources and materials, and the applied analytical methods. In the midst of the wealth of research on the phenomena of marketization, however, we find that truly cross-national comparative analyses of organizational developments paying attention to historical-institutional contexts are scare.
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| 4. |
- Norén Bretzer, Ylva, 1969
(författare)
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Liten övning i korstabeller
- 2020
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Ingår i: Andra hjälpen: allt du behöver veta för att skriva en uppsats. Abrahamson Löfström, C., och Rombach, B. (red.). - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144130682 ; , s. 227-254
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Avsikten med det här kapitlet är att du ska få inspiration och vägledning till att kunna genomföra grundläggande räkningsanalyser i ett ofta använt statistikprogram, SPSS. Kapitlet börjar med ett resonemang om de förberedelser som behövs innan själva analysen påbörjas. Därefter visar jag hur omkodningar kan göras av olika skalor och hur korstabeller genomförs i olika typer av data. Jag går igenom detta stegvis inför att du själv för första gången ska göra analyser i ett statistiskt datamaterial. Målet är att du ska kunna genomföra analyser med först två och sedan tre variabler, för att kunna tolka och förklara analysens resultat i din uppsats. Kvantitativ analys händer inte på en timme eller två, det krävs en hel del övning och färdighet. Men för varje timme du sitter och knåpar med programvaran, kodningar eller tolkning av resultatet blir du allt bättre. Det krävs träning – precis som i vilken idrott eller hobby som helst. Det som ena dagen verkar oöverstigligt kommer om några dagar att vara lätt som en plätt. I kapitlet visar jag hur du gör grundläggande bivariata analyser i SPSS, ett program som de flesta universitet har licenser till i sina datasalar och licensierade till sina studenter. Om du har svårt att få tag på programmet för studentbruk, fråga din metodlärare eller licensansvarig vid din institution. Vi utgår från att materialet redan är insamlat. Det är bra om du har kunskaper i procenträkning och kan göra analyser av en variabel i exempelvis staplar eller pajdiagram. Grundkunskap om statistiska mått och datanivåer är förvisso lätt att glömma bort, men det går alltid att fräscha upp dessa kunskaper med en grundbok i statistik.
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| 5. |
- Norén Bretzer, Ylva, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Local Marketization 1980-2018: Incremental Tendencies and Deviances
- 2020
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Ingår i: Marketization in Local Government: Diffusion and Evolution in Scandinavia and England. Andrej Christian Lindholst, Morten Balle Hansen (red.). - Cham, Switzerland : Palgrave Macmillan, Springer Nature. - 9783030324773 ; , s. 117-139
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relations between the public sector and the market have a long history in Sweden. The opening section discusses relations between public and private governance at the national level across the past four decades in Sweden. Next, the discussion is narrowed to the municipal park and road sectors of the local municipalities, as the early marketization reforms were initiated there. In the closing section several lessons are discussed. First, the actual selling-off of public companies on the open market primarily relates to the national level, while corporatization and market imitation have been increasingly common features of the local administrative level. Second, in local government discussions of management form characterized the early period, while outcome and quality control dominated in later years. Third, contracting out has taken place due to procurement regulations. For the local road sector, the level external contracting has been roughly the same throughout the period, while for the park sector we found an increase from 3 percent in 1987 to 28 percent in 2015. This can be interpreted as the park sector imitating the road sector, which had been practicing external contracting for decades.
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| 6. |
- Norén Bretzer, Ylva, 1969
(författare)
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Ordning och samordning – en utvärdering av 3 § LOV ordningsvakter i Gamlestaden, Göteborg : Förvaltningshögskolans rapport / Göteborgs universitet
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Föreliggande utvärdering av 3 § LOV-insatsen i Gamlestaden, Göteborg, har tillkommit på initiativ av Fastighetsägare i Gamlestaden, ideell förening som är en lokal förening för bostadsföretag, bostadsrättsföreningar och andra fastighetsaktörer i stadsdelen. Med 3 § LOV avses 3 § i lag (1980:578) om ordningsvakter. Under 2015-16 ökade otryggheten och narkotikarelaterade aktiviteter i stadsdelen. Fastighetsägare i Gamlestaden tog då initiativ till en gemensam 3 § LOV-ansökan och finansiering för denna. Under 2018 ansökte jag om finansiering hos Brottsförebyggande Rådet för att få utvärdera insatsen, vilket härmed redovisas. I denna utvärdering undersöktes resultatet av 3 § LOV-insatsen genom intervjuer med finansiärerna,polisen, tre olika kommunala tjänstepersoners perspektiv samt en mindre gatuenkät med boende i området. Även olika typer av dokument studerades. Alla aktörer är överens om att det har skett en förbättring jämfört med tidigare, och inga överflyttningseffekter inom stadelen eller till angränsande stadsdelar har kunnat noteras i materialet. Detta positiva resultat kan ha ett samband med a) ordningsvakternas dialogsättande arbetssätt med tydlig gränssättning i nära samverkan med polisen, och b) de Trygghetsmöten som skapar en gemenam arena i stadsdelen. Utvärderingen indikerar att grupper som har en underordnad position i stadsrummet har blivit tryggare (kvinnor, kvinnor i missbruk, personer med HBTQ-identitet och barn). Det finns dock tankar hos flera av de intervjuade aktörerna att detta inte är den långsiktigt hållbara lösningen, på längre sikt bör trygghetsskapande åtgärder samordnas så att ordningsvakter inte behövs.
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| 7. |
- Norén Bretzer, Ylva, 1969
(författare)
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Unintended outcomes of the marketized housing agenda in Sweden: - the trolls that never were invited who we now have to deal with
- 2020
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Ingår i: https://www.aesop2019.eu/the-venue-venice.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper discusses how the housing agenda in Sweden has been handed over to the municipalities, under the EU instructions. The marketized housing sector has resulted in unexpected local outcomes, or trolls, as for example private slumlords, exploiting their properties to a maximum but with no local responsibility to the tenants. Also, a black market of temporary housing -or beds- is found, which often target vulnerable immigrants. Thirdly, private-public partnerships has emerged, often termed business improvement districts (BIDs), who collaborate locally in order to serve long time interests for the property owners, the tenants, the local business-owners and the wider community. In sum, the neo-liberal agenda is found to strengthen the local communities and partnerships, but the tools to deal with the anomalies still lies at the central state. The neo-liberal agenda needs to be anchored by place and local actors in institutional long-term relations in defined places. Results imply that the planning processes need to address this new landscape of actors, and processes.
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