| 1. |
- Alleso, Morten, et al.
(författare)
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Near-infrared spectroscopy for cocrystal screening : a comparative study with Raman spectroscopy
- 2008
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Ingår i: Analytical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 80:20, s. 7755-7764
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a well-established technique for solid-state analysis, providing fast, noninvasive measurements. The use of NIR spectroscopy for polymorph screening and the associated advantages have recently been demonstrated. The objective of this work was to evaluate the analytical potential of NIR spectroscopy for cocrystal screening using Raman spectroscopy as a comparative method. Indomethacin was used as the parent molecule, while saccharin and L-aspartic acid were chosen as guest molecules. Molar ratios of 1:1 for each system were subjected to two types of preparative methods. In the case of saccharin, liquid-assisted cogrinding as well as cocrystallization from solution resulted in a stable 1:1 cocrystalline phase termed IND-SAC cocrystal. For L-aspartic acid, the solution-based method resulted in a polymorphic transition of indomethacin into the metastable a form retained in a physical mixture with the guest molecule, while liquid-assisted cogrinding did not induce any changes in the crystal lattice. The good chemical peak selectivity of Raman spectroscopy allowed a straightforward interpretation of sample data by analyzing peak positions and comparing to those of pure references. In addition, Raman spectroscopy provided additional information on the crystal structure of the IND-SAC cocrystal. The broad spectral line shapes of NIR spectra make visual interpretation of the spectra difficult, and consequently, multivariate modeling by principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. Successful use of NIR/PCA was possible only through the inclusion of a set of reference mixtures of parent and guest molecules representing possible solid-state outcomes from the cocrystal screening. The practical hurdle related to the need for reference mixtures seems to restrict the applicability of NIR spectroscopy in cocrystal screening.
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| 2. |
- Gilbert, M. Thomas P., et al.
(författare)
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Paleo-Eskimo mtDNA genome reveals matrilineal discontinuity in Greenland
- 2008
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 320:5884, s. 1787-1789
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Paleo- Eskimo Saqqaq and Independence I cultures, documented from archaeological remains in Northern Canada and Greenland, represent the earliest human expansion into the New World's northern extremes. However, their origin and genetic relationship to later cultures are unknown. We sequenced a mitochondrial genome from a Paleo- Eskimo human by using 3400- to 4500- year- old frozen hair excavated from an early Greenlandic Saqqaq settlement. The sample is distinct from modern Native Americans and Neo- Eskimos, falling within haplogroup D2a1, a group previously observed among modern Aleuts and Siberian Sireniki Yuit. This result suggests that the earliest migrants into the New World's northern extremes derived from populations in the Bering Sea area and were not directly related to Native Americans or the later Neo- Eskimos that replaced them.
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| 3. |
- Covacu, Ruxandra, et al.
(författare)
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Nitric oxide exposure diverts neural stem cell fate from neurogenesis towards astrogliogenesis
- 2006
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Ingår i: Stem Cells. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1066-5099 .- 1549-4918. ; 178, s. 268-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Regeneration of cells in the central nervous system is a process that might be affected during neurological disease and trauma. Because nitric oxide (NO) and its derivatives are powerful mediators in the inflammatory cascade, we have investigated the effects of pathophysiological concentrations of NO on neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and the expression of proneural genes in primary adult neural stem cell cultures. After exposure to NO, neurogenesis was downregulated, and this corresponded to decreased expression of the proneural gene neurogenin-2 and beta-III-tubulin. The decreased ability to generate neurons was also found to be transmitted to the progeny of the cells. NO exposure was instead beneficial for astroglial differentiation, which was confirmed by increased activation of the Janus tyrosine kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription transduction pathway. Our findings reveal a new role for NO during neuroinflammatory conditions, whereby its proastroglial fate-determining effect on neural stem cells might directly influence the neuroregenerative process.
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| 4. |
- Johansson, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical nutrition in medical gastroenterology : Room for improvement
- 2009
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Ingår i: Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0261-5614 .- 1532-1983. ; 28:2, s. 129-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background & aims: Undernutrition is a problem in hospitals, with lack of nutritional routines. Recently, guidelines concerning the nutritional care process were developed from ESPEN. This study was conducted to assess the present status of nutritional routines among doctors and nurses in internal medicine (IM) and medical gastroenterology (MG), in comparison with the ESPEN guidelines. Method: A questionnaire-based investigation among doctors and nurses working in departments of internal medicine and gastroenterology in Scandinavia, based on further analysis of previous data. Results: Overall, 4512 (1753 doctors, 2759 nurses) answered the questionnaire, of which 1155 were from internal medicine and 193 from gastroenterology. A similar, non-significant, discrepancy in attitudes and nutritional routines was noted in gastroenterologists and internists. Concerning basic nutritional education, 46% in MG and 48% in IM considered it insufficient (not significant). When comparing all doctors with all nurses, 60% and 39% respectively considered their basic nutritional education insufficient (p < 0.001). Concerning prescription of parenteral nutrition, 65% of the internists and 92% of the gastrorenterologists had sufficient knowledge (p < 0.001), while technical skill did not differ (not significant). Lack of interest was more pronounced in the internists than in the gastroenterologists, 42% vs. 32% (p < 0.05), and more pronounced in doctors when comparing all doctors with all nurses (47 vs. 36%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: A discrepancy between clinical practice and attitudes towards nutrition is evident in both gastroenterology and internal medicine. Although gastroenterologists are more interested, there is room for improvement in both groups. This is true for doctors as well as nurses, even though nurses seem to be more interested and better trained than doctors. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Mowe, Morten, et al.
(författare)
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Insufficient nutritional knowledge among health care workers?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-1983 .- 0261-5614. ; 27:2, s. 196-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND & AIMS: Though a great interest and willingness to nutrition therapy, there is an insufficient practice compared to the proposed ESPEN guidelines for nutrition therapy. The aim of this questionnaire was to study doctors and nurses' self-reported knowledge in nutritional practice, with focus on ESPEN's guidelines in nutritional screening, assessment and treatment. METHODS: A questionnaire about different aspects of nutritional practice was answered by 4512 doctors and nurses in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. RESULTS: The most common cause for insufficient nutritional practice was lack of nutritional knowledge. Twenty-five percent found it difficult to identify patient in need of nutritional therapy, 39% lacked techniques for identifying malnourished patients, and 53% found it difficult to calculate the patients' energy requirement and 66% lacked national guidelines for clinical nutrition. Twenty-eight percent answered that insufficient nutrition practice could lead to complications and prolonged hospital stay. Those that answered that their nutritional knowledge was good had also a better nutritional practice. CONCLUSION: The self-reported nutritional knowledge was inadequate among Scandinavian doctors and nurses. Increased nutritional knowledge seems to improve the nutritional practice. A combination of an integrated nutrition curriculum during the education, together with post-graduated education for both physicians and nurses should be established.
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| 6. |
- Mowe, Morten, et al.
(författare)
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Nutritional routines and attitudes among doctors and nurses in Scandinavia: a questionnaire based survey.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). - : Elsevier BV. - 0261-5614 .- 1532-1983. ; 25:3, s. 524-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hospital malnutrition is prevalent, but nutritional practice in hospitals has a low priority. To improve the quality in nutritional routine, ESPEN has developed standards to improve the inadequate and insufficient nutritional treatments seen today. However, there is a discrepancy between the standards and clinical practice. This study was conducted to investigate nutritional practice in different hospital settings in relation to these standards (e.g.: screening of all patients, assessment of at-risk patients) among Scandinavian doctors and nurses. METHODS: A questionnaire about nutritional attitudes and routine was mailed to doctors and nurses in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. RESULTS: Altogether, 4512 (1753 doctors, 2759 nurses) answered the questionnaire. Both screening and assessment of at-risk patients differ between the countries. Nutritional screening was more common in Denmark (40%), compared to Sweden (21%) and Norway (16%). Measuring dietary intake in nutritional at-risk patients was more common in Denmark (46%), compared to Sweden (37%) and Norway (22%). However, all countries agreed that nutritional screening (92%, 88%, 88%) and measuring dietary intake (97%, 95%, 97%) were important, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, respectively. CONCLUSION: There is a large discrepancy between nutritional attitudes and practice. The standards suggested from the ESPEN are not fulfilled.
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| 7. |
- Samuelsson, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring of power system events at transmission and distribution level
- 2006
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. - 0885-8950. ; 21:2, s. 1007-1008
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Monitoring of events in the power system provides a great deal of insight into the behavior of the system. Events with impact on the entire power system typically occur in or near the transmission network and are therefore best monitored at transmission system substations. This puts great demands on the equipment and in general restricts the use of the data since it becomes property of the transmission system operator. An alternative is to measure at lower voltage levels. This paper documents the close agreement between voltage and frequency at low and high voltage levels during a remote and a nearby fault in the transmission network. The very high quality of the data suggests that valuable information about the transmission system can be obtained at lower voltages.
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