| 1. |
- Abbasi, Seyed H, et al.
(författare)
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Gender Differences in the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease in Iran
- 2012
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Ingår i: Iranian Journal of Public Health. - 0304-4556. ; 41:3, s. 36-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Given gender differences in the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), the present study sought to investigate these dissimilarities amongst patients who underwent angiography at a major, tertiary heart hospital in Iran. Methods: Between 2005 and 2010, 44,820 patients who underwent coronary angiography were enrolled in a registry. Pre-procedural data such as demographics, CAD risk factors, presenting symptoms, and laboratory tests, as well as postprocedural data were collected. The data were, subsequently, compared between the men and women. Results: Out of the 44,820 patients (16,378 women), who underwent coronary angiography, 37,358 patients (11,995 women) had CAD. Amongst the CAD patients, the females were not only significantly older, less educated, and more overweight than were the males but also had higher levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, highdensity lipoprotein, and fasting blood sugar (P< 0.001). Of all the risk factors, hypertension and diabetes mellitus showed the strongest association in our female CAD patients (OR=3.45, 95%CI: 3.28-3.61 and OR=2.37, 95%CI: 2.26- 2.48, respectively). Acute coronary syndrome was more prevalent in the men (76.1% vs. 68.6%, P< 0.001), and chronic stable angina was more frequent in the females (31.4% vs. 23.9%, P< 0.001). With respect to post-procedural recommendations, the frequency of recommendations for non-invasive modalities was higher in the females (20.1% vs. 18.6%, P< 0.001). Conclusion: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus had the strongest association with CAD in our female patients. In the extensive CAD patients, medical treatment was recommended to the women more often.
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| 2. |
- Alrutz, Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Projektledning
- 2013
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Projektledning är ett yrke med egen certifiering. Det pågår en spännande utveckling inom området och det blir allt viktigare att hålla sig ajour med utvecklingen.Det övergripande målet med den här handboken är att vara en ständigt aktuell heltäckande bok om projektarbete. Innehållsmässigt täcker den både frågor som har med struktur och styrning att göra och frågor om ledning av människor och mänskliga processer i grupp. Kompetens inom projekt byggs av både kunskap och erfarenhet. Vi följer kontinuerligt aktuell forskning inom dessa områden och bjuder in intressanta forskare att medverka som författare. Vi skildrar verkliga projekt och låter erfarenheterna få plats, både de bästa erfarenheterna och de utmaningar som man tagit sig igenom.Handboken är levande och det innebär att artiklar tas bort för att ge plats för nya, i takt med att den uppdateras fortlöpande.
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| 3. |
- Andréasson, Per, 1963-
(författare)
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Emotional Empathy, Facial Reactions, and Facial Feedback
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The human face has a fascinating capability to express emotions. The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that the human face not only expresses emotions but is also able to send feedback to the brain and modulate the ongoing emotional experience. It has furthermore been suggested that this feedback from the facial muscles could be involved in empathic reactions. This thesis explores the concept of emotional empathy and relates it to two aspects concerning activity in the facial muscles. First, do people high versus low in emotional empathy differ in regard to in what degree they spontaneously mimic emotional facial expressions? Second, is there any difference between people with high as compared to low emotional empathy in respect to how sensitive they are to feedback from their own facial muscles? Regarding the first question, people with high emotional empathy were found to spontaneously mimic pictures of emotional facial expressions while people with low emotional empathy were lacking this mimicking reaction. The answer to the second question is a bit more complicated. People with low emotional empathy were found to rate humorous films as funnier in a manipulated sulky facial expression than in a manipulated happy facial expression, whereas people with high emotional empathy did not react significantly. On the other hand, when the facial manipulations were a smile and a frown, people with low as well as high emotional empathy reacted in line with the facial feedback hypothesis. In conclusion, the experiments in the present thesis indicate that mimicking and feedback from the facial muscles may be involved in emotional contagion and thereby influence emotional empathic reactions. Thus, differences in emotional empathy may in part be accounted for by different degree of mimicking reactions and different emotional effects of feedback from the facial muscles.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bjärtå, Anna, 1974-
(författare)
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FEAR - A process influenced by concurrent processing demands
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fear is a central aspect in mammalian evolution, prompting escape from and avoidance of threat and dangers. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that we have a well developed system to detect dangers and quickly respond to them. It has been shown that threatening information has an advantage in information processing; it seems to promote a rapid capture of selective attention and puts demand on processing resources. It has been suggested that the elicitation of fear occurs automatically, and that it is independent of and impenetrable to cognition.The idea with the present research is that fear processing is dependent on all concurrent internal or external processing demands. One visual search study (Study II) and two secondary task studies (Study I & III) have been conducted to investigate if external or internal distraction can interfere with fear processing. In order to provoke fear responses, spider or snake fearful individuals have been exposed to pictures of their feared stimulus. The aim of Study II was to investigate if the selective attention to fear stimuli could be influenced by contextual factors, such as the nature of the distracting stimuli in a visual search. Study I and III aimed to investigate manipulation of resources allocated to fear stimuli. In Study I, task demand was used as the manipulation, and in Study III an internal cognitive directive was used. The results from these studies indicate that fear is susceptible to manipulation by both external and internal means. By changing circumstances in the surrounding or in the individuals’ internal states, responses to threatening stimuli can be altered. This means that processing of threatening stimuli is influenced by other concurrent processing demands, suggesting that a fear response is not occurring as an isolated and impenetrable process. In an evolutionary perspective, a fear system that is easily triggered but has access to cognitive evaluation at all times ought to be far more flexible, thus creating a better chance for survival than a modular and impenetrable fear system.
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| 6. |
- Bjärtå, Anna, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of using different distractor sets in visual search with spiders and snakes on spider-sensitive and nonfearful participants
- 2013
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Ingår i: Swiss Journal of Psychology. - Bern : Verlag Hans Huber. - 1421-0185 .- 1662-0879. ; 72:4, s. 171-179
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two visual search experiments, we investigated the impact of distractor sets on fear-relevant stimuli by comparing a search set with spiders, snakes, flowers, and mushrooms to one with spiders, snakes, rabbits, and turtles. We found speeded responses to spider and snake targets when flowers and mushrooms, but not when rabbits and turtles served as distractors. In Experiment 2, we compared spider-sensitive to nonfearful participants. Spider-sensitive participants responded faster than nonfearful participants to spider targets when we used flowers and mushrooms as distractors, but not when we used rabbit and turtle distractors. These results indicate that behavioral responses to the visual search task not only depend on the individual’s relationship to the stimuli included in the search set, but also on the context in which the feared or fear-relevant objects are presented.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Collste, Olov, et al.
(författare)
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No Myocardial Vulnerability to Mental Stress in Takotsubo Stress Cardiomyopathy
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:4, s. Art. no. e93697-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Due to the frequent use of coronary angiography the awareness of Takotsubo stress cardiomyopathy (TSC) has increased although the exact pathophysiology of TSC is still largely unknown. Our objective was to investigate the effects of mental stress on myocardial function, heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary cortisol (SC) in TSC patients. Design: This study is a case-control study and a sub-study of the Stockholm Myocardial Infarction with Normal Coronaries (SMINC) study. Setting: Mental stress test was performed more than 6 months after the acute event in TSC patients and age- and sex-matched controls. Standard echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) - derived time-phases of cardiac cycle were recorded to calculate myocardial performance index (MPI) to assess ventricular function before and during mental stress. Holter-ECG recording was made to estimate HRV before, during and after mental stress. SC was measured at baseline, before and 20 minutes after mental stress. Subjects: Twenty-two TSC patients and 22 sex-and age- matched controls were recruited from the SMINC-study and investigated with a mental stress test. All TSC patients had a previous normal cardiovascular magnetic resonance investigation. Results: There were no significant differences at rest or during mental stress for left and right ventricular MPI or other standard diastolic variables between TSC patients and controls. HRV did not differ between TSC patients and controls. There was a trend towards less increase in SC after mental stress in TSC patients compared to controls. Conclusion: Mental stress did not induce a significant difference in myocardial function or HRV response between TSC and controls. Moreover, no significant difference could be seen in SC response at baseline, during or after mental stress. This study indicates that myocardial vulnerability to mental stress does not persist in TSC patients.
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| 9. |
- Costa, Diogo, et al.
(författare)
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Forgone healthcare and intimate partner violence : A study in six European urban centres
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) are known to refrain from seeking care when in need. Whether the impact on forgone care differs according to the victim-perpetrator role remains unexplored. We aimed to describe the relation between past-year IPV and forgone healthcare according to victims, perpetrators or both (bidirectional). Methods: Adult men and women (n=3496, aged 18-64), randomly sampled from the general population of Athens, Porto, London, Budapest, Östersund and Stuttgart were assessed using a common questionnaire. IPV was ascertained with the Revised-Conflict-Tactics-Scales. The association between IPV and forgone healthcare (“Have you been in need of a certain care service in the past year, but did not seek any help?”), sociodemographics (sex, age, education, city) and health factors (self-assessed health, public or private healthcare sector use), in victims, perpetrators and both was estimated using adjusted logistic regression odds ratios (AOR, 95% confidence intervals). Results: Forgone healthcare ranged from 12.6% (Budapest) to 22.4% (Stuttgart) and was associated with bidirectional involvement in IPV (AOR, 95%CI= 1.37, 1.05-1.78). A lower educational level was associated with forgone care in multivariate models fitted for victims of and for bidirectional involvement in IPV. A fair/poor self-assessed health (contrasting to a good/very good/excellent health) was significantly associated with forgone care in victims (AOR, 95%CI=2.61, 1.96-3.47), in bidirectional IPV (AOR, 95%CI=2.94, 2.27-3.82) and for perpetrators (AOR, 95%CI=2.58, 1.96-3.40). Conclusion: Beside the known barriers identified for inequalities and access to healthcare, the role of IPV in forgone healthcare should be considered.
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| 10. |
- Costa, Diogo, et al.
(författare)
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Intimate partner violence in Europe: design and methods of a multinational study. : La violencia de pareja en Europa: diseño y métodos de un estudio multinacional
- 2013
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Ingår i: Gaceta Sanitaria. - : Elsevier BV. - 0213-9111 .- 1578-1283. ; 27:6, s. 558-561
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To describe the design, methods, procedures and characteristics of the population involved in a study designed to compare Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in eight European countries.Methods Women and men aged 18–65, living in Ghent-Belgium (n = 245), Stuttgart-Germany (n = 546), Athens-Greece (n = 548), Budapest-Hungary (n = 604), Porto-Portugal (n = 635), Granada-Spain (n = 138), Östersund-Sweden (n = 592), London-United Kingdom (n = 571), were sampled and administered a common questionnaire. Chi-square goodness of fit and five-age strata population fractions ratios for sex and education were computed to evaluate samples' representativeness.Results Differences in the age distributions were found among women from Sweden and Portugal and among men from Belgium, Hungary, Portugal and Sweden. Over-recruitment of more educated respondents was noted in all sites.Conclusion The use of a common research protocol with the same structured questionnaire is likely to provide accurate estimates of the general population IPV frequency, despite limitations in probabilistic sampling and restrictions in methods of administration.
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