| 1. |
- Fällmar, Helena, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Neuropeptide Y/peptide YY receptor Y2 duplicate in zebrafish with unique introns displays distinct peptide binding properties
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part B. - : Elsevier BV. - 1096-4959 .- 1879-1107. ; 160:4, s. 166-173
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The neuropeptide Y-family peptides and receptors are involved in a broad range of functions including appetite regulation. Both the peptide genes and the receptor genes are known to have duplicated in early vertebrate evolution. The ancestral jawed vertebrate had 7 NPY receptors but the number varies between 4 and 7 in extant vertebrates. Herein we describe the identification of an additional NPY receptor in two fish species, zebrafish and medaka. They cluster together with the Y2 receptors in phylogenetic analyses and seem to be orthologous to each other that is why we have named them Y2-2. Their genes differ from Y2 in having introns in the coding region. Binding studies with zebrafish Y2-2 receptors show that the three endogenous peptides NPY, PYYa and PYYb have similar affinities, 0.15-0.66nM. This is in contrast to the Y2 receptor where they differed considerably from one another. N-terminally truncated NPY binds poorly and the Y2 antagonist BIIE0246 binds well to Y2-2, results that are reversed in comparison to Y2. Zebrafish Y2-2 mRNA was detected by PCR in the intestine and the eye, but not in the brain. In conclusion, we have found a novel Y2-like NPY/PYY receptor that probably arose in early teleost fish evolution.
|
|
| 2. |
- Höppner, Marc P., et al.
(författare)
-
An Improved Canine Genome and a Comprehensive Catalogue of Coding Genes and Non-Coding Transcripts
- 2014
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:3, s. e91172-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, is a well-established model system for mapping trait and disease loci. While the original draft sequence was of good quality, gaps were abundant particularly in promoter regions of the genome, negatively impacting the annotation and study of candidate genes. Here, we present an improved genome build, canFam3.1, which includes 85 MB of novel sequence and now covers 99.8% of the euchromatic portion of the genome. We also present multiple RNA-Sequencing data sets from 10 different canine tissues to catalog similar to 175,000 expressed loci. While about 90% of the coding genes previously annotated by EnsEMBL have measurable expression in at least one sample, the number of transcript isoforms detected by our data expands the EnsEMBL annotations by a factor of four. Syntenic comparison with the human genome revealed an additional similar to 3,000 loci that are characterized as protein coding in human and were also expressed in the dog, suggesting that those were previously not annotated in the EnsEMBL canine gene set. In addition to,20,700 high-confidence protein coding loci, we found,4,600 antisense transcripts overlapping exons of protein coding genes, similar to 7,200 intergenic multi-exon transcripts without coding potential, likely candidates for long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) and,11,000 transcripts were reported by two different library construction methods but did not fit any of the above categories. Of the lincRNAs, about 6,000 have no annotated orthologs in human or mouse. Functional analysis of two novel transcripts with shRNA in a mouse kidney cell line altered cell morphology and motility. All in all, we provide a much-improved annotation of the canine genome and suggest regulatory functions for several of the novel non-coding transcripts.
|
|
| 3. |
- Lagman, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Expansion of transducin subunit gene families in early vertebrate tetraploidizations
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Genomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0888-7543 .- 1089-8646. ; 100:4, s. 203-211
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hundreds of gene families expanded in the early vertebrate tetraploidizations including many gene families in the phototransduction cascade. We have investigated the evolution of the heterotrimeric G-proteins of photoreceptors, the transducins, in relation to these events using both phylogenetic analyses and synteny comparisons. Three alpha subunit genes were identified in amniotes and the coelacanth, GNAT1-3; two of these were identified in amphibians and teleost fish, GNAT1 and GNAT2. Most tetrapods have four beta genes, GNB1-4, and teleosts have additional duplicates. Finally, three gamma genes were identified in mammals, GNGT1, GNG11 and GNGT2. Of these, GNGT1 and GNGT2 were found in the other vertebrates. In frog and zebrafish additional duplicates of GNGT2 were identified. Our analyses show all three transducin families expanded during the early vertebrate tetraploidizations and the beta and gamma families gained additional copies in the teleost-specific genome duplication. This suggests that the tetraploidizations contributed to visual specialisations.
|
|
| 4. |
- Lagman, David, et al.
(författare)
-
The vertebrate ancestral repertoire of visual opsins, transducin alpha subunits and oxytocin/vasopressin receptors was established by duplication of their shared genomic region in the two rounds of early vertebrate genome duplications
- 2013
-
Ingår i: BMC Evolutionary Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2148. ; 13, s. 238-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Vertebrate color vision is dependent on four major color opsin subtypes: RH2 (green opsin), SWS1 (ultraviolet opsin), SWS2 (blue opsin), and LWS (red opsin). Together with the dim-light receptor rhodopsin (RH1), these form the family of vertebrate visual opsins. Vertebrate genomes contain many multi-membered gene families that can largely be explained by the two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD) in the vertebrate ancestor (2R) followed by a third round in the teleost ancestor (3R). Related chromosome regions resulting from WGD or block duplications are said to form a paralogon. We describe here a paralogon containing the genes for visual opsins, the G-protein alpha subunit families for transducin (GNAT) and adenylyl cyclase inhibition (GNAI), the oxytocin and vasopressin receptors (OT/VP-R), and the L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (CACNA1-L). Results: Sequence-based phylogenies and analyses of conserved synteny show that the above-mentioned gene families, and many neighboring gene families, expanded in the early vertebrate WGDs. This allows us to deduce the following evolutionary scenario: The vertebrate ancestor had a chromosome containing the genes for two visual opsins, one GNAT, one GNAI, two OT/VP-Rs and one CACNA1-L gene. This chromosome was quadrupled in 2R. Subsequent gene losses resulted in a set of five visual opsin genes, three GNAT and GNAI genes, six OT/VP-R genes and four CACNA1-L genes. These regions were duplicated again in 3R resulting in additional teleost genes for some of the families. Major chromosomal rearrangements have taken place in the teleost genomes. By comparison with the corresponding chromosomal regions in the spotted gar, which diverged prior to 3R, we could time these rearrangements to post-3R. Conclusions: We present an extensive analysis of the paralogon housing the visual opsin, GNAT and GNAI, OT/VP-R, and CACNA1-L gene families. The combined data imply that the early vertebrate WGD events contributed to the evolution of vision and the other neuronal and neuroendocrine functions exerted by the proteins encoded by these gene families. In pouched lamprey all five visual opsin genes have previously been identified, suggesting that lampreys diverged from the jawed vertebrates after 2R.
|
|
| 5. |
- Lamichhaney, Sangeet, et al.
(författare)
-
Population-scale sequencing reveals genetic differentiation due to local adaptation in Atlantic herring
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 109:47, s. 19345-19350
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), one of the most abundant marine fishes in the world, has historically been a critical food source in Northern Europe. It is one of the few marine species that can reproduce throughout the brackish salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea. Previous studies based on few genetic markers have revealed a conspicuous lack of genetic differentiation between geographic regions, consistent with huge population sizes and minute genetic drift. Here, we present a cost-effective genome-wide study in a species that lacks a genome sequence. We first assembled amuscle transcriptome and then aligned genomic reads to the transcripts, creating an "exome assembly," capturing both exons and flanking sequences. We then resequenced pools of fish from a wide geographic range, including the Northeast Atlantic, as well as different regions in the Baltic Sea, aligned the reads to the exome assembly, and identified 440,817 SNPs. The great majority of SNPs showed no appreciable differences in allele frequency among populations; however, several thousand SNPs showed striking differences, some approaching fixation for different alleles. The contrast between low genetic differentiation at most loci and striking differences at others implies that the latter category primarily reflects natural selection. A simulation study confirmed that the distribution of the fixation index F-ST deviated significantly from expectation for selectively neutral loci. This study provides insights concerning the population structure of an important marine fish and establishes the Atlantic herring as a model for population genetic studies of adaptation and natural selection.
|
|
| 6. |
- Larhammar, Dan, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
-
Evolution of the opioid system.
- 2013. - 2nd
-
Ingår i: Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides. - : Academic Press. - 9780123850959 ; , s. 1562-1569
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 7. |
- Larhammar, Dan, et al.
(författare)
-
Evolution of vertebrate neuropeptide receptors
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Regulatory Peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-0115 .- 1873-1686. ; 164:1, s. 20-20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 8. |
- Ocampo Daza, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Evolution of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) family
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Endocrinology. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0013-7227 .- 1945-7170. ; 152:6, s. 2278-2289
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolution of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) gene family has been difficult to resolve. The early discovery of IGFBP gene synteny with the HOX (homeobox) gene clusters suggested that IGFBP was quadrupled along with HOX in the ancestral vertebrate chromosome duplications. However, some recent articles have favored independent serial duplications of the IGFBP genes. By combining sequence-based phylogenies and chromosome information from multiple vertebrate species, we conclude that chromosome duplications did indeed expand the IGFBP repertoire. After the ancestral chordate IGFBP gene had undergone a local gene duplication, resulting in a gene pair adjacent to a HOX cluster, chromosome quadruplication of this pair took place in the two basal vertebrate tetraploidizations (2R). Subsequently one gene was lost from two of the four pairs, leading to six IGFBP genes in the fish-tetrapod ancestor. These six genes are presently found in placental mammals. In teleost fishes the situation is more complex: their third tetraploidization (3R) doubled the IGFBP repertoire from six to twelve members whereupon differential losses have occurred. The five sequenced teleost fish genomes retain 9-11 of IGFBP genes. This scenario is supported by the phylogenies of three adjacent gene families, namely the epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) and the Ikaros and distal-less (Dlx) transcription factors, in addition to the HOX clusters. The great ages for the IGFBP genes strongly suggest that they evolved distinct functions early in vertebrate evolution.
|
|
| 9. |
- Ocampo Daza, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
The evolution of vertebrate somatostatin receptors and their gene regions involves extensive chromosomal rearrangements.
- 2012
-
Ingår i: BMC Evolutionary Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2148. ; 12, s. 231-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Somatostatin and its related neuroendocrine peptides have a wide varietyof physiological functions that are mediated by five somatostatin receptors with gene names SSTR1-5 in mammals. To resolve their evolution in vertebrates we have investigated the SSTR genes and a large number of adjacent gene families by phylogeny and conserved synteny analyses in a broad range of vertebrate species. Results: We find that the SSTRs form two families that belong to distinct paralogons. We observe not only chromosomal similarities reflecting the paralogy relationships between the SSTR-bearing chromosome regions, but also extensive rearrangements between these regions in teleost fish genomes, including fusions and translocations followed by reshuffling through intrachromosomalrearrangements. These events obscure the paralogy relationships but are still tractable thanks tothe many genomes now available. We have identified a previously unrecognized SSTR subtype, SSTR6, previously misidentified as either SSTR1 or SSTR4. Conclusions: Two ancestral SSTR-bearing chromosome regions were duplicated in the two basalvertebrate tetraploidizations (2R). One of these ancestral SSTR genes generated SSTR2, -3 and -5, the other gave rise to SSTR1, -4 and -6. Subsequently SSTR6 was lost in tetrapods and SSTR4 in teleosts. Our study shows that extensive chromosomal rearrangements have taken place between related chromosome regions in teleosts, but that these events can be resolved by investigating several distantly related species.
|
|
| 10. |
- Sundström, Görel, et al.
(författare)
-
Characterization of the neuropeptide Y system in the frog Silurana tropicalis (Pipidae) : three peptides and six receptor subtypes
- 2012
-
Ingår i: General and Comparative Endocrinology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-6480 .- 1095-6840. ; 177:3, s. 322-331
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neuropeptide Y and its related peptides PYY and PP (pancreatic polypeptide) are involved in feeding behavior, regulation of the pituitary and the gastrointestinal tract, and numerous other functions. The peptides act on a family of G-protein coupled receptors with 4-7 members in jawed vertebrates. We describe here the NPY system of the Western clawed frog Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis. Three peptides, NPY, PYY and PP, were identified together with six receptors, namely subtypes Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5, Y7 and Y8. Thus, this frog has all but one of the ancestral seven gnathostome NPY-family receptors, in contrast to mammals which have lost 2-3 of the receptors. Expression levels of mRNA for the peptide and receptor genes were analyzed in a panel of 19 frog tissues using reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR. The peptide mRNAs had broad distribution with highest expression in skin, blood and small intestine. NPY mRNA was present in the three brain regions investigated, but PYY and PP mRNAs were not detectable in any of these. All receptor mRNAs had similar expression profiles with high expression in skin, blood, muscle and heart. Three of the receptors, Y5, Y7 and Y8, could be functionally expressed in HEK-293 cells and characterized with binding studies using the three frog peptides. PYY had the highest affinity for all three receptors (K(i) 0.042-0.34 nM). Also NPY and PP bound to the Y8 receptor with high affinity (0.14 and 0.50 nM). The low affinity of NPY for the Y5 receptor (100-fold lower than PYY) differs from mammals and chicken. This may suggest a less important role of NPY on Y5 in appetite stimulation in the frog compared with amniotes. In conclusion, our characterization of the NPY system in S. tropicalis with its six receptors demonstrates not only greater complexity than in mammals but also some interesting differences in ligand-receptor preferences.
|
|
